UCI BIO 93 (TRIO) FINAL REVIEW
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
Bioengernetics - ANS How energy flows through organisms.
ATP - ANS Used for mechanical, transport, and chemical work. ATP is also an RNA nucleotide.
Mechanical Work - ANS Energy used in motor proteins and muscle cells during contractions.
Transport Work - ANS Energy used to move substances against their gradient.
Chemical Work - ANS Energy used to convey polymers into monomers.
Gibs Free Energy - ANS Portion of a systems energy that can preform work when temperature
and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Exergonic Reactions - ANS Delta G is less than zero (-) and the reaction is spontaneous.
Example- ATP hydrolysis.
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,Endergonic Reactions - ANS Delta G is greater than zero (+) and the reaction is non-
spontaneous.
Enzymes - ANS Lower energy barriers and can be denatured by temperature.
"Lock and Key" - ANS Phrase used to describe the very specific nature of enzyme-substrate
interactions.
1st Law of Thermodynamics - ANS Energy is constant and cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - ANS Every energy transformation increases the entropy in the
universe.
Cellular Respiration - ANS Process used by heterotrophs. Occurs in the mitochondria and
produces majority of the energy our body constantly uses.
Mitochondrial Defects - ANS Leads to cancer and aging, as well as muscle and metabolic
dysfunction.
Oxidation - ANS Loss of electrons.
Reduction - ANS Addition of electrons.
What prevents glucose from instantly combining with oxygen? - ANS Activation Energy.
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, Glycolysis - ANS Occurs in the cytosol. The process of breaking down the 6 carbon molecule,
glucose, into two 3 carbon pyruvate. The breaking of this bond creates 2 ATP. Does not require
oxygen. NAD+, 1 Glucose, and 2 ATP go in while 2 pyruvate, NADH, and 4 ATP come out.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - ANS Generation of ATP and ADP from a phosphorylated
substrate.
Anaerobic - ANS A process which does not require the input of oxygen. (Ie fermentation)
Aerobic - ANS A process which requires the input of oxygen.
Pyruvate - ANS A 3 carbon molecule that is made from the hydrolysis of glucose.
Pyruvate Oxidation - ANS Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Pyruvate (3 carbon) and
NADH+ go in while Acetyl CoA and NADH come out.
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle) - ANS Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl CoA (2
Carbon), NAD+/FAD+, and ADP go in while CO2 (1 Carbon), NADH/FADH2, and ATP come out.
Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative Phosphorylation - ANS Occurs in the inner membrane
of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 carry electron through the transport chain and pump
protons against their gradient (chemiosmosis). Oxidative Phosphorylation produces around 34
ATP through ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis - ANS The movement of ions down their concentration gradient.
ATP Synthase - ANS Uses the process of chemiosmosis to transport H ions through it and
produce ATP by oxygen accepting the H ions to make H2O
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2025/2026.
Bioengernetics - ANS How energy flows through organisms.
ATP - ANS Used for mechanical, transport, and chemical work. ATP is also an RNA nucleotide.
Mechanical Work - ANS Energy used in motor proteins and muscle cells during contractions.
Transport Work - ANS Energy used to move substances against their gradient.
Chemical Work - ANS Energy used to convey polymers into monomers.
Gibs Free Energy - ANS Portion of a systems energy that can preform work when temperature
and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Exergonic Reactions - ANS Delta G is less than zero (-) and the reaction is spontaneous.
Example- ATP hydrolysis.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Endergonic Reactions - ANS Delta G is greater than zero (+) and the reaction is non-
spontaneous.
Enzymes - ANS Lower energy barriers and can be denatured by temperature.
"Lock and Key" - ANS Phrase used to describe the very specific nature of enzyme-substrate
interactions.
1st Law of Thermodynamics - ANS Energy is constant and cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - ANS Every energy transformation increases the entropy in the
universe.
Cellular Respiration - ANS Process used by heterotrophs. Occurs in the mitochondria and
produces majority of the energy our body constantly uses.
Mitochondrial Defects - ANS Leads to cancer and aging, as well as muscle and metabolic
dysfunction.
Oxidation - ANS Loss of electrons.
Reduction - ANS Addition of electrons.
What prevents glucose from instantly combining with oxygen? - ANS Activation Energy.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Glycolysis - ANS Occurs in the cytosol. The process of breaking down the 6 carbon molecule,
glucose, into two 3 carbon pyruvate. The breaking of this bond creates 2 ATP. Does not require
oxygen. NAD+, 1 Glucose, and 2 ATP go in while 2 pyruvate, NADH, and 4 ATP come out.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - ANS Generation of ATP and ADP from a phosphorylated
substrate.
Anaerobic - ANS A process which does not require the input of oxygen. (Ie fermentation)
Aerobic - ANS A process which requires the input of oxygen.
Pyruvate - ANS A 3 carbon molecule that is made from the hydrolysis of glucose.
Pyruvate Oxidation - ANS Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Pyruvate (3 carbon) and
NADH+ go in while Acetyl CoA and NADH come out.
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle) - ANS Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl CoA (2
Carbon), NAD+/FAD+, and ADP go in while CO2 (1 Carbon), NADH/FADH2, and ATP come out.
Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative Phosphorylation - ANS Occurs in the inner membrane
of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 carry electron through the transport chain and pump
protons against their gradient (chemiosmosis). Oxidative Phosphorylation produces around 34
ATP through ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis - ANS The movement of ions down their concentration gradient.
ATP Synthase - ANS Uses the process of chemiosmosis to transport H ions through it and
produce ATP by oxygen accepting the H ions to make H2O
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
