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BPK 241 Final Questions with Answers (100%
Correct Answers)
List the type/# vertebrae of the body Answer: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,
5 sacral (fused), coccyx
how many vertebrae are fused? Answer: 9 (4 fuse to form coccyx)
What are the curves in the spine? Answer: 2 lordodic curves (Cervical and
lumbar spine), 2 hypothic curves (thoracic and sacrum)
list the features of the spine Answer: body, spinous process, lateral process
(articulates with ribs, facet joints)
neural arch Answer: opening in the middle of the spine (where your spinal cord
travels through)
what is everything on the back of your spine called? Answer: posterior element,
vertebral body
What kind of capsule is contained within the joints of the spine? Answer:
synovial (fluid)
Where do the IV discs lie? Answer: between vertebral bodies
function of vertebral discs? Answer: stability, cushioning, shock absorbers
features of fibrocartilage Answer: tough, strong
what is fibrocartilage called? Answer: annulus fibrosus
what is the gel of the spine? Answer: nucleus pulposus
Where does the fibrocartilaginous joint of the spine lie? Answer: between discs
and vertebral bodies
Mini joints of the Synovial joint of the spine? Answer: facet joints (4 per
vertebrae)
,2
List the ligaments of the spine Answer: anterior and posterior longitudinal,
ligamenta flava, intertransverse, interspinous and supraspinous
Which ligaments of the spine connect vertebrae bodies? Answer: anterior and
posterior longitudinal
Which ligaments of the spine connect laminae, allows us to bend forward
Answer: ligamenta flava (more elastic)
Which ligaments of the spine connect transverse processes? Answer:
intertransverse
Which ligaments of the spine connect spinous processes Answer: Interspinous
& supraspinous ligaments (on tips of spinous processes)
What is the muscle of the spine? Answer: erector spinae
Flexion and extension of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar
Lateral flexion of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical, thoracic,
lumbar
rotation of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical and thoracic
nerves of spine called Answer: dermatomes
deep layer of intrinsic back muscles of the spine called? Answer:
Transversospinalis muscle group
What actions does the transverospinalis muscle group produce? Answer: lateral
flexion, turn head and neck opposite side, extension (fibres run superiorly and
medially)
Contralateral movement of the transverospinalis muscle group of the spine
occurs how? Answer: contralaterally - if contract on right, will turn left
, 3
What other functions does the transverospinalis muscle group allow us?
Answer: Allow us to sit for long periods of time, engaged during not very
demanding work
Negative aspect of transverospinalis muscle group Answer: can cause low back
pain to be reccurent
where nerve roots come out in between the spine (supplies skin/muscle area)
Answer: Intervertebral foramen
__ nerve roots (for 7 vertebrae in cervical spine) ** special case Answer: 8
Spinal cord ends at _____ nerve roots come down (horse's tail) Answer: L4/L5
Congenital predispositions
Previous trauma
Mechanical factors
Poor posture (lifting, bending)
Obesity (pulls gravity forward, ^ stress on spine)
Acute or repetitive trauma (e.g. cracks in vertebrae, pedicles) Answer: General
considerations
of the spine
Pain, tenderness, spasm, restricted ROM
Neurologic SSx?
Radiating pain ("sciatica")
Weakness, numbness, absent DTR (deep tendon reflex- significant) Answer:
Effects of spinal injuries
mild curvature of the spine Answer: scoliosis
BPK 241 Final Questions with Answers (100%
Correct Answers)
List the type/# vertebrae of the body Answer: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,
5 sacral (fused), coccyx
how many vertebrae are fused? Answer: 9 (4 fuse to form coccyx)
What are the curves in the spine? Answer: 2 lordodic curves (Cervical and
lumbar spine), 2 hypothic curves (thoracic and sacrum)
list the features of the spine Answer: body, spinous process, lateral process
(articulates with ribs, facet joints)
neural arch Answer: opening in the middle of the spine (where your spinal cord
travels through)
what is everything on the back of your spine called? Answer: posterior element,
vertebral body
What kind of capsule is contained within the joints of the spine? Answer:
synovial (fluid)
Where do the IV discs lie? Answer: between vertebral bodies
function of vertebral discs? Answer: stability, cushioning, shock absorbers
features of fibrocartilage Answer: tough, strong
what is fibrocartilage called? Answer: annulus fibrosus
what is the gel of the spine? Answer: nucleus pulposus
Where does the fibrocartilaginous joint of the spine lie? Answer: between discs
and vertebral bodies
Mini joints of the Synovial joint of the spine? Answer: facet joints (4 per
vertebrae)
,2
List the ligaments of the spine Answer: anterior and posterior longitudinal,
ligamenta flava, intertransverse, interspinous and supraspinous
Which ligaments of the spine connect vertebrae bodies? Answer: anterior and
posterior longitudinal
Which ligaments of the spine connect laminae, allows us to bend forward
Answer: ligamenta flava (more elastic)
Which ligaments of the spine connect transverse processes? Answer:
intertransverse
Which ligaments of the spine connect spinous processes Answer: Interspinous
& supraspinous ligaments (on tips of spinous processes)
What is the muscle of the spine? Answer: erector spinae
Flexion and extension of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar
Lateral flexion of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical, thoracic,
lumbar
rotation of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical and thoracic
nerves of spine called Answer: dermatomes
deep layer of intrinsic back muscles of the spine called? Answer:
Transversospinalis muscle group
What actions does the transverospinalis muscle group produce? Answer: lateral
flexion, turn head and neck opposite side, extension (fibres run superiorly and
medially)
Contralateral movement of the transverospinalis muscle group of the spine
occurs how? Answer: contralaterally - if contract on right, will turn left
, 3
What other functions does the transverospinalis muscle group allow us?
Answer: Allow us to sit for long periods of time, engaged during not very
demanding work
Negative aspect of transverospinalis muscle group Answer: can cause low back
pain to be reccurent
where nerve roots come out in between the spine (supplies skin/muscle area)
Answer: Intervertebral foramen
__ nerve roots (for 7 vertebrae in cervical spine) ** special case Answer: 8
Spinal cord ends at _____ nerve roots come down (horse's tail) Answer: L4/L5
Congenital predispositions
Previous trauma
Mechanical factors
Poor posture (lifting, bending)
Obesity (pulls gravity forward, ^ stress on spine)
Acute or repetitive trauma (e.g. cracks in vertebrae, pedicles) Answer: General
considerations
of the spine
Pain, tenderness, spasm, restricted ROM
Neurologic SSx?
Radiating pain ("sciatica")
Weakness, numbness, absent DTR (deep tendon reflex- significant) Answer:
Effects of spinal injuries
mild curvature of the spine Answer: scoliosis
