1
BPK 241 Questions with Answers (100%
Correct Answers)
What are the types of vertebrae and how many are there of each? Answer: 7
cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 1 coccyx
What are the features of a vertebrae? Answer: Body(anterior mass), spinous
process, lateral (transverse) processes, pedicles (arch connect to body), lamina
(between processes), facet joints
What are the interverteble discs? what do they do? Answer: lying between
vertebral bodies, they are made of Annulus fibrosus( fibrocartilage) that
surrounds nucleus pulposus(gel). Providing stability and cushioning.
What are the joints of the spine? Answer: fibrocartilaginous that's between discs
and vertebral bodies, Synovial the facet joints with 4 per vertebrae
How is the Annulus fibrosis arranged? Answer: filers are arranged in 15-20
concentric layers, angled in different directions alternating layers for a strong
configuration
Describe the innervation (nerve supply) and blood supply of a disc. Answer:
Innvervation for the outer 3rd (no/poor warning system), blood supply outer
3rd (does a good job of healing)
How does a disc nucleus pulposus behave? Answer: Hydrostatically, the centre
of the disc is like a liquid and liquids are incompressible so an applied load will
create a outward/radial pressure in all directions inside the disc
What does the Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments do? Answer:
connect vertebral bodies
What does the ligamenta flava do? Answer: connect laminea
what does the inter transverse ligaments do? Answer: connect transverse
processes
,2
what does the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments do? Answer: connect
spinous processes
What do our Erector spinae and transversospinalis(stabilizers) muscles do?
Answer: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation(cervical and thoracic)
Where does the spinal cord end? what's below that? Answer: L1, all the nerve
roots coming off forming the Cuada Equania
What does the siatic nerve arise from? Answer: spinal nerves L4 through S3
What is Dermatones? Answer: sensation from the skin corresponds with a
specific nerve root
What are the signs and symptoms of a back strain/sprain? Answer: Pain,
tenderness, muscle spasm, warmth
What is the treatment for a back strain/sprain? Answer: Rest (don't be supine
for more than 2 days), NSAID/pain meds, cold then heat therapy, physio or
message treatment, comprehensive supervised rehab program (flexibility,
strength, task specific), correct predisposing factors, gradual return to activity
What should you do if there are neurological signs and symptoms present with
a back strain/sprain? Answer: assume a fracture, dislocation of disc injury and
transport to hospital
What is a lumbar disc herniation? Answer: Nucleus pulposus breaks through
the annulus fibrosis, most commonly occurring at L4L5 and L5S1. There are 4
stages; protrusion, prolapse, extrusion, sequestered.
Why is the venerable age for lumbar disc herniation 30-50? Answer: elasticity
and water content of the nucleus pulposus decrease with age
What happens with disc protrusion? Answer: cracks in the annulus fibrosis
begins to appear (disc bulge)
,3
What happens with disc prolapse? Answer: nucleus pulposus moves completely
through the annulus fibrosis
What happens with disc extrusion? Answer: nucleus pulposus moves into the
spinal canal comes into contact with nerve root
What happens with disc sequestered? Answer: portion of the nucleus pulposus
breaks off from the disc and starts to migrate in the spinal canal
What is Intervertebral disc disease? Answer: happens the same way as a
sprain/strain, herniation of nucleus pulposus, compression of nerve roots or
spinal cord
What are the effects of Intervertebral disc disease? Answer: Pain, tenderness,
muscle spasm, warmth, neurological symptoms( sciatica), instability,
osteoarthritis (osteophytes, stenosis)
What is the treatment for Intervertebral disc disease? Answer: conservative if
possible, discectomy, laminectomy, fusion
What is a stinger or burner? Answer: Brachial plexus neuropraxia, stretching or
compression of brachial plexus, neck forced laterally
what are the signs and symptoms of a stinger or burner? Answer: pain and
numbness into fingers, burning, numbness, tingling from shoulder to hand, lasts
a few seconds, if symptoms resolve athlete may return
what is the treatment for a stinger or burner? Answer: rest, if symptoms don't
resolve in few few mins or get worse go to hospital
What is a spine fracture? Answer: axial load- cervical spine C456 most
common, hyperextension
what are the signs and symptoms of a spine fracture? Answer: point tenderness,
decreased ROM, pain in neck/chest/extremities, numbness/weakness in
trunk/limbs
, 4
What is the treatment for a spine fracture? Answer: stabilize, c-spine collar,
spine board (if unconscious assume c-spine injury)
What is the treatment for a back injury? Answer: Time (rest/healing), cold, hot,
NSAID, brace, physio, message therapy, Chiro, rehab (indefininte), correct
predisposing factors, may need to change sport/job
What is the management of back injuries? Answer: Balance is key, demands
with functional capacity, expectations with realistic goals
What is the McGill big 3? Answer: The goal is to build endurance in spine
stabilizers, Bird dog/trunk rise/ side plank, 10 sec activity/2 sec rest,
descending pyramid of repetition (8-6-4)
What are the boundaries of the thorax? Answer: Neck, diaphragm, thoracic
vertebrae, ribs/sternum/muscles
What are the bones of the thorax? Answer: 12 thoracic vertebrae, sternum
(manubrium, xyphoid process), 12 pairs of ribs (1-7 attach to sternum
w/individual cartilage/costochondral, 8-10 share one attachment, 11-12 don't
attach to the sternum)
Which muscles are the respiratory muscles? Answer: diaphragm, intercostals,
sternocleido mastoid, accessory muscles
What are the contents of the thorax? Answer: lungs, heart, aorta and various
branches, superior vena cava and tributaries, azygous vein, trachea, esophagus,
vagus nerves and others
What is a thorax muscle strain? Answer: common in running,
intercostals/diaphragm/others
what are the signs and symptoms of a thorax muscle strain? Answer: pain with
deep inhalation, dyspnea, tenderness
what is the treatment of a thorax muscle strain? Answer: rest, analgesics
BPK 241 Questions with Answers (100%
Correct Answers)
What are the types of vertebrae and how many are there of each? Answer: 7
cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 1 coccyx
What are the features of a vertebrae? Answer: Body(anterior mass), spinous
process, lateral (transverse) processes, pedicles (arch connect to body), lamina
(between processes), facet joints
What are the interverteble discs? what do they do? Answer: lying between
vertebral bodies, they are made of Annulus fibrosus( fibrocartilage) that
surrounds nucleus pulposus(gel). Providing stability and cushioning.
What are the joints of the spine? Answer: fibrocartilaginous that's between discs
and vertebral bodies, Synovial the facet joints with 4 per vertebrae
How is the Annulus fibrosis arranged? Answer: filers are arranged in 15-20
concentric layers, angled in different directions alternating layers for a strong
configuration
Describe the innervation (nerve supply) and blood supply of a disc. Answer:
Innvervation for the outer 3rd (no/poor warning system), blood supply outer
3rd (does a good job of healing)
How does a disc nucleus pulposus behave? Answer: Hydrostatically, the centre
of the disc is like a liquid and liquids are incompressible so an applied load will
create a outward/radial pressure in all directions inside the disc
What does the Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments do? Answer:
connect vertebral bodies
What does the ligamenta flava do? Answer: connect laminea
what does the inter transverse ligaments do? Answer: connect transverse
processes
,2
what does the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments do? Answer: connect
spinous processes
What do our Erector spinae and transversospinalis(stabilizers) muscles do?
Answer: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation(cervical and thoracic)
Where does the spinal cord end? what's below that? Answer: L1, all the nerve
roots coming off forming the Cuada Equania
What does the siatic nerve arise from? Answer: spinal nerves L4 through S3
What is Dermatones? Answer: sensation from the skin corresponds with a
specific nerve root
What are the signs and symptoms of a back strain/sprain? Answer: Pain,
tenderness, muscle spasm, warmth
What is the treatment for a back strain/sprain? Answer: Rest (don't be supine
for more than 2 days), NSAID/pain meds, cold then heat therapy, physio or
message treatment, comprehensive supervised rehab program (flexibility,
strength, task specific), correct predisposing factors, gradual return to activity
What should you do if there are neurological signs and symptoms present with
a back strain/sprain? Answer: assume a fracture, dislocation of disc injury and
transport to hospital
What is a lumbar disc herniation? Answer: Nucleus pulposus breaks through
the annulus fibrosis, most commonly occurring at L4L5 and L5S1. There are 4
stages; protrusion, prolapse, extrusion, sequestered.
Why is the venerable age for lumbar disc herniation 30-50? Answer: elasticity
and water content of the nucleus pulposus decrease with age
What happens with disc protrusion? Answer: cracks in the annulus fibrosis
begins to appear (disc bulge)
,3
What happens with disc prolapse? Answer: nucleus pulposus moves completely
through the annulus fibrosis
What happens with disc extrusion? Answer: nucleus pulposus moves into the
spinal canal comes into contact with nerve root
What happens with disc sequestered? Answer: portion of the nucleus pulposus
breaks off from the disc and starts to migrate in the spinal canal
What is Intervertebral disc disease? Answer: happens the same way as a
sprain/strain, herniation of nucleus pulposus, compression of nerve roots or
spinal cord
What are the effects of Intervertebral disc disease? Answer: Pain, tenderness,
muscle spasm, warmth, neurological symptoms( sciatica), instability,
osteoarthritis (osteophytes, stenosis)
What is the treatment for Intervertebral disc disease? Answer: conservative if
possible, discectomy, laminectomy, fusion
What is a stinger or burner? Answer: Brachial plexus neuropraxia, stretching or
compression of brachial plexus, neck forced laterally
what are the signs and symptoms of a stinger or burner? Answer: pain and
numbness into fingers, burning, numbness, tingling from shoulder to hand, lasts
a few seconds, if symptoms resolve athlete may return
what is the treatment for a stinger or burner? Answer: rest, if symptoms don't
resolve in few few mins or get worse go to hospital
What is a spine fracture? Answer: axial load- cervical spine C456 most
common, hyperextension
what are the signs and symptoms of a spine fracture? Answer: point tenderness,
decreased ROM, pain in neck/chest/extremities, numbness/weakness in
trunk/limbs
, 4
What is the treatment for a spine fracture? Answer: stabilize, c-spine collar,
spine board (if unconscious assume c-spine injury)
What is the treatment for a back injury? Answer: Time (rest/healing), cold, hot,
NSAID, brace, physio, message therapy, Chiro, rehab (indefininte), correct
predisposing factors, may need to change sport/job
What is the management of back injuries? Answer: Balance is key, demands
with functional capacity, expectations with realistic goals
What is the McGill big 3? Answer: The goal is to build endurance in spine
stabilizers, Bird dog/trunk rise/ side plank, 10 sec activity/2 sec rest,
descending pyramid of repetition (8-6-4)
What are the boundaries of the thorax? Answer: Neck, diaphragm, thoracic
vertebrae, ribs/sternum/muscles
What are the bones of the thorax? Answer: 12 thoracic vertebrae, sternum
(manubrium, xyphoid process), 12 pairs of ribs (1-7 attach to sternum
w/individual cartilage/costochondral, 8-10 share one attachment, 11-12 don't
attach to the sternum)
Which muscles are the respiratory muscles? Answer: diaphragm, intercostals,
sternocleido mastoid, accessory muscles
What are the contents of the thorax? Answer: lungs, heart, aorta and various
branches, superior vena cava and tributaries, azygous vein, trachea, esophagus,
vagus nerves and others
What is a thorax muscle strain? Answer: common in running,
intercostals/diaphragm/others
what are the signs and symptoms of a thorax muscle strain? Answer: pain with
deep inhalation, dyspnea, tenderness
what is the treatment of a thorax muscle strain? Answer: rest, analgesics
