OCR A-level Biology: Module 2
Activation energy - ANS-
\Active site - ANS-
\Active transport - ANS-
\Amino acid - ANS-
\Anabolic - ANS-
\Artefacts - ANS-Objects or structures seen through a microscope that have been created
during the processing of the specimen
\ATP - ANS-
\Benedict's reagent - ANS-An alkaline solution of copper(II) sulphate used in the chemical tests
for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars. A brick red precipitate indicates a positive result.
\Beta pleated sheet - ANS-Sheet-like secondary structure of proteins
\Bulk transport - ANS-
\Capillary action - ANS-A process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move
upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant
\Carbohydrates - ANS-Organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen in the ratio Cx(H2O)y
\Carrier proteins - ANS-
\Catabolic - ANS-
\Catalase - ANS-
\Cell signalling - ANS-
\Cell wall - ANS-A strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell-types
\Cellulose - ANS-A polysaccharide formed from beta glucose molecules where alternate beta
glucose molecules are turned upside down. Unable to coil or branch but makes hydrogen bonds
with other cellulose molecules to produce strong and insoluble fibres.
\Centrioles - ANS-Component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells, composed of
microtubules
\Channel proteins - ANS-
\Chloroplast - ANS-Organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. Contain
chlorophyll pigments, which are the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis
\Cholesterol - ANS-
\Chromatin - ANS-Uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones
\Chromosomes - ANS-Structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin.
Chromosomes become visible under the light microscope when cells are preparing to divide
\Coenzyme - ANS-
\Cofactors - ANS-
\Colorimetry - ANS-The use of a spectrophotometer to determine the absorption of various
wavelengths of visible light by a given solution
\Compartmentalisation - ANS-
\Competitive inhibitors - ANS-
, \Compound light microscope - ANS-A light microscope which uses two lenses to magnify an
object; the objective lens, which is placed near to the specimen and an eyepiece lens, through
which the specimen is viewed
\Condensation reaction - ANS-A reaction between two molecules resulting in the formation of a
larger molecule and the release of a water molecule
\Counterstain - ANS-Application of second stain with a contrasting colour to sample for
microscopy
\Covalent bonding - ANS-The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons
and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
\Cristae - ANS-Highly folded structures within the mitochondria inner membrane
\Cytolysis - ANS-
\Cytoplasm - ANS-Internal fluid of cells, composed of cytosol (water, salts, organic molecules) ,
organelles and cytoskeleton
\Cytoskeleton - ANS-A network of fibres in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
\Denatured - ANS-
\Differential staining - ANS-Using specific stains to distinguish different types of cell
\Diffusion - ANS-
\Disaccharide - ANS-A molecule comprising two monosaccharides, joined together by a
glycosidic bond
\Electron microscopy - ANS-Microscopy using a microscope that employs a beam of electrons
to illuminate the specimen. As electrons have a much smaller wavelength than light they
produce images with higher resolutions than light microscopes
\Elements - ANS-A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units
by chemical reactions
\Emulsion test - ANS-Laboratory test for lipids using ethanol; white emulsion indicates the
presence of a lipid
\End-product inhibition - ANS-
\Endocytosis - ANS-
\Endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-A network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisterne
\Endosymbiosis - ANS-The widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells
evolved from prokaryotic cells
\Enzyme-product complex - ANS-
\Enzyme-substrate complex - ANS-
\Enzymes - ANS-
\Eukaryotic cell - ANS-Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
\Exocytosis - ANS-
\Extrinsic proteins - ANS-
\Facilitated diffusion - ANS-
\Fatty acids - ANS-Long chain carboxylic acids used in the formation of triglycerides
\Fibrous proteins - ANS-
\Fluid-mosaic model - ANS-
\Globular proteins - ANS-
\Glucose - ANS-A monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6. One of the main
products in photosynthesis in plants
Activation energy - ANS-
\Active site - ANS-
\Active transport - ANS-
\Amino acid - ANS-
\Anabolic - ANS-
\Artefacts - ANS-Objects or structures seen through a microscope that have been created
during the processing of the specimen
\ATP - ANS-
\Benedict's reagent - ANS-An alkaline solution of copper(II) sulphate used in the chemical tests
for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars. A brick red precipitate indicates a positive result.
\Beta pleated sheet - ANS-Sheet-like secondary structure of proteins
\Bulk transport - ANS-
\Capillary action - ANS-A process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move
upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant
\Carbohydrates - ANS-Organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen in the ratio Cx(H2O)y
\Carrier proteins - ANS-
\Catabolic - ANS-
\Catalase - ANS-
\Cell signalling - ANS-
\Cell wall - ANS-A strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell-types
\Cellulose - ANS-A polysaccharide formed from beta glucose molecules where alternate beta
glucose molecules are turned upside down. Unable to coil or branch but makes hydrogen bonds
with other cellulose molecules to produce strong and insoluble fibres.
\Centrioles - ANS-Component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells, composed of
microtubules
\Channel proteins - ANS-
\Chloroplast - ANS-Organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. Contain
chlorophyll pigments, which are the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis
\Cholesterol - ANS-
\Chromatin - ANS-Uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones
\Chromosomes - ANS-Structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin.
Chromosomes become visible under the light microscope when cells are preparing to divide
\Coenzyme - ANS-
\Cofactors - ANS-
\Colorimetry - ANS-The use of a spectrophotometer to determine the absorption of various
wavelengths of visible light by a given solution
\Compartmentalisation - ANS-
\Competitive inhibitors - ANS-
, \Compound light microscope - ANS-A light microscope which uses two lenses to magnify an
object; the objective lens, which is placed near to the specimen and an eyepiece lens, through
which the specimen is viewed
\Condensation reaction - ANS-A reaction between two molecules resulting in the formation of a
larger molecule and the release of a water molecule
\Counterstain - ANS-Application of second stain with a contrasting colour to sample for
microscopy
\Covalent bonding - ANS-The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons
and the nuclei of the bonded atoms
\Cristae - ANS-Highly folded structures within the mitochondria inner membrane
\Cytolysis - ANS-
\Cytoplasm - ANS-Internal fluid of cells, composed of cytosol (water, salts, organic molecules) ,
organelles and cytoskeleton
\Cytoskeleton - ANS-A network of fibres in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
\Denatured - ANS-
\Differential staining - ANS-Using specific stains to distinguish different types of cell
\Diffusion - ANS-
\Disaccharide - ANS-A molecule comprising two monosaccharides, joined together by a
glycosidic bond
\Electron microscopy - ANS-Microscopy using a microscope that employs a beam of electrons
to illuminate the specimen. As electrons have a much smaller wavelength than light they
produce images with higher resolutions than light microscopes
\Elements - ANS-A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units
by chemical reactions
\Emulsion test - ANS-Laboratory test for lipids using ethanol; white emulsion indicates the
presence of a lipid
\End-product inhibition - ANS-
\Endocytosis - ANS-
\Endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-A network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisterne
\Endosymbiosis - ANS-The widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells
evolved from prokaryotic cells
\Enzyme-product complex - ANS-
\Enzyme-substrate complex - ANS-
\Enzymes - ANS-
\Eukaryotic cell - ANS-Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
\Exocytosis - ANS-
\Extrinsic proteins - ANS-
\Facilitated diffusion - ANS-
\Fatty acids - ANS-Long chain carboxylic acids used in the formation of triglycerides
\Fibrous proteins - ANS-
\Fluid-mosaic model - ANS-
\Globular proteins - ANS-
\Glucose - ANS-A monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6. One of the main
products in photosynthesis in plants
