2025-2026
NURS 120
Med Surge
1 Final
Review for:
100
Questions
on
Perioperati
ve Nursing
West Coast
University
History of Nursing [12 Questions on Exam]
• OBJECTIVES
I. Explore the historical development of professional nursing.
II. Identify the social, political, and economic factors that influenced the development and evolution of nursing in the US.
III. Describe the influence of Florence Nightingale and other leaders in the development of professional nursing.
IV. Describe the nursing today.
V. Discuss the future of nursing and identity factors that could impact the profession.
• Nursing = Caring for others, advocating for others, being compassionate, knowledgeable, Patience, non-judgemental. Nursing is a profession.
• General History about Nursing
o Nursing originates from caring for the wounded and ill. Original nursing was strongly linked to religion.
o In Middle Ages, care was provided primarily by religious orders to sick and poor in monasteries.
o In 1500-1800’s, the rich received care from hospitals (physicians) and poor people received care in monasteries (nurses, nuns, priests). No specific
training to “nurse” others.
o In the 15th Century (Protestant Reformation), monasteries were closed down.
▪ Prostitutes and convicted women were forced to be nurses. Nursing was seen as unrespectable, poor pay, and had unfavorable conditions.
▪ Daughters of Charity enlisted many impoverished women to help with care for the sick. They brought hope.
• 19th Century Nursing – Important Figures [Mrs. Day says no need to do birth and death years].
o Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
▪ Founder of Modern Nursing
▪ Led nurses to Crimean War to care for wounded soldiers
▪ Known as “The Lady of the Lamp”
▪ Statistician/Developed Rose Diagram (Did research before research occurred. Noticed that wounded soldiers that were not treated in the
field would die by the time they reached the location of treatment)
▪ Improved Sanitation, published “notes on Nursing”, Established Florence Nightingale School for Nurses in St. Thomas London
o Mary Seacole (1808 – 1881)
▪ Jamaican healer/doctress (NOT a Nurse!)
▪ Offered her services to Florence Nightingale during Crimean War
▪ Worked Voluntary with her own resources
▪ Recognized as a significant minority nurse (Saw the disparity in treatment).
o Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
▪ Author, Teacher, and Social Reformer (NOT a Nurse!)
▪ The Asylum Movement – Best known reforming conditions of the mentally ill and prisoners.
▪ Changed the public’s perception of these vulnerable populations
▪ Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the civil war.
▪ After the war, her effort to reform treatment of the mentally ill continued.
o Clara Barton (1821-1912)
▪ Teacher (NOT a Nurse!)
▪ Opened a free public school in 1852
▪ Founded the American Red Cross in 1881
▪ Cared for her brother which inspired her to care for others through teaching, distributed food and medication supplies during the civil war,
named head nurse without formal training, worked for the international red cross in Europe, Founded the National First Aid of America in
1905
o Mary Elizabeth Mahoney (1845-1926)
▪ First African American to earn a nursing license
▪ Leader for the Howard Orphan Asylum for Black Children
▪ Member of the American Nurse Association (ANA)
▪ 1908, co-founded National Association of Color Graduate Nurses (NACGN)
▪ Graduated and worked at the New England Hospital for Women and Children
o Lillian D. Wald (1867-1940)
▪ Quit Medical School
, ▪ Founded Henry Street Settlement with Mary Brewster
▪ First Public Health Nurse
o Loretta Ford (1920 – Present)
▪ Recognized: Shortages of pediatricians and family practices, Lack of rural and urban healthcare, rise in healthcare costs
▪ Started the first nurse practitioner program in the U.S. beside Dr. Henry Silver
▪ Lifelong learner – BSN, MSN, FNP, DNP, Certified public health nurse
o Mary Ann Nutting (1858-1948)
▪ Limited the number of hours nursing students could work, expanded nursing curriculum from 2 years to 3 years, and added a preclinical
training period, and established a professional and historical library at the school
▪ After the Spanish American War, assisted in establishing the Army Nurse Corps
o Linda Richards (1841-1930)
▪ Created night shift nursing
▪ Started nursing programs across US: Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachusetts
▪ Started Japan’s first nursing program.
• 20th Century Nursing
o WWII
o Technology
o Nurses Registration Act of 1903
o 1970 all states required licensure for LPN & RNs
o Diploma, RN, BSN, MSN, DNP, PhD
o Nurse Practice Act, State Board of Nursing, NCLEX, ANA, Accreditation
• 21st Century Nursing
o Advancement in technology
o Community healthcare
o Telehealth and telemedicine.
• Review Questions on BB:
o Review past, present and future of nursing and learn about the nurse leaders for their contributions to nursing and relevant historical events. (i.e. Wald,
Barton, Dix, Mahoney, Nightingale, Nutting, Richards, etc.)
, Care for Professional Self & Others [12 Questions on Exam] (Bold + Underlined = Key Terms)
• OBJECTIVES
I. Analyze common stressors as they relate to the role of the nursing student, nurse, and patient.
II. Review Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and describe what occurs during the three stages of reaction to stress.
III. Describe the effects of work-related stress on health and career longevity.
IV. Discuss various ego-defense mechanisms used to protect oneself from anxiety and stress.
V. Assess own resources for managing the student role and identify self-care approaches for enhancing success in this program.
VI. Describe the role of the nurse in assisting patients with stress management.
VII. Discuss the role that caring plays in building the nurse-patient relationship.
VIII. Discuss various theories of caring.
IX. Describe ways to express caring and decrease patient stress through presence, listening and touch.
• Nursing = High-stress nature of profession, risk of burnout, compassion fatigue, and moral distress, impact on patient care and safety
• Stress occurs in response to an event that evokes a degree of tension or anxiety. Everyone feels stress differently.
o ↑ Stress increases risk of infection, high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and cancer. Stress can be acute or chronic.
• Stressors are tension-producing stimuli operating within or on any system.
o Stressors for nursing or nursing students:
▪ Workload
▪ Interprofessional relationships
▪ Relationships to patient and families
▪ Dealing with death and dying
o Stressors for patients:
▪ Physical – illness/injury, medical procedures, hospitalization
▪ Emotional – fear/anxiety, depression/hopelessness, uncertainty and loss of control
▪ Social – isolation, role changes, stigma
▪ Financial – healthcare costs, loss of income
▪ Environmental – healthcare environment, time constraints
▪ Cultural – language barriers, cultural differences, personal belief
• Primary Appraisal is personally evaluating if a situation is relevant, benign, or stressful. Is this a stressful situation?
• Secondary appraisal is evaluating a stressful situation and determine how to cope with it. What type of stress? How to deal with it?
• Eustress is positive stress that stimulates thinking process, helps us stay alert, and can result in personal growth.
• Distress is negative stress that occurs due to lack of coping mechanisms, loss of emotional balance, and results in crises.
• In a crisis, usual methods of coping fail which lead to high levels of anxiety, disorganized behavior, and inability to function.
• Coping mechanisms are behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety.
• Wellness is the active state of being healthy, a lifestyle that promotes a good physical, mental, and emotional health.
• Anxiety is a universal, unpleasant feeling of worry, nervousness, and unease.
o Physiological symptoms – gastrointestinal upset, aches/pains, tachycardia, shortness of breath
o Psychological symptoms – nervousness, worry, depersonalization
o Cognitive symptoms – selective inattention, difficulty remembering, difficulty concentrating
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic effect with varying severities and symptoms.
o Trauma is the lasting emotional response to a distressing event. Difficult to cope with.
• Compassion Fatigue is the loss of satisfaction from providing good patient care. It is when you use up all your compassion, no more to give out.
• Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is the feeling of despair caused by the transfer of distress from a victim to a caregiver.
• Burnout is the cumulative state of frustration with the work environment that develops over time.
o Burnout symptoms – emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment, reduced efficacy
o Physical Burnout symptoms – fatigue, headache, sleep disturbances
• General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
o Alarm reaction – fight or flight
o Resistance – body tries to recover from alarm reaction
o Exhaustion – body’s energy sources are depleted
o Symptoms: Chronic fatigue, depression/anxiety, weakened immune system, weight loss or gain, gastrointestinal problems, and chronic pain
• Ego Defense Mechanism
o Repression – involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings Ex: Doesn’t remember the trauma or stress-inducing situation.
o Denial – refusing to acknowledge the situation or connected feelings Ex: I’m not an alcoholic because I can still drive and go to work.
o Regression – retreating to an earlier level of development Ex: Teenager starts bed-wetting again after stressful situations.
o Projection – attributing one’s unacceptable feelings to others Ex: A cheater calls their significant other a cheater with no reason.
o Displacement – redirecting emotions or impulses to a safer target Ex: Person angry at their boss yells at their significant other instead.
o Rationalization – justifying behaviors with false logical reasons Ex: “I didn’t want the job anyway” after getting rejected.
o Sublimation – channel bad impulses into socially acceptable activities Ex: Extreme anger is used for boxing or wrestling instead.
o Reaction Formation – acting in the opposite direction of how they actually feel Ex: Kids being mean to their crush.
o Compensation – overemphasizing one area of life to make up for another Ex: Eating really healthy to make up for smoking.
o Intellectualization – using logic and reasoning to block out emotional distress Ex: Focusing on the details of a funeral instead of being sad
o Identification – adopting characteristics of others to feel competent Ex: Mirroring or adopting mannerisms of a teacher or boss
o Suppression – consciously deciding to delay dealing with an emotion Ex: Pushing anger to the back of the mind until an exam is over.
• Self-Care Modalities
o Physical: Exercise
o Emotional: Music, Hobbies
o Social: Talk to others
• Allostasis is how we respond to stressors to retain or return to homeostasis.
• Stress Management: Time management, Communicate, Journaling (Reflection/Debrief), Belief, Maintain sense of humor, Breaks, Nutrition
• Blackboard Helpful Hints to Manage Stress: Learn to Relax, Talk Rationally to Yourself, Get Organized, Exercise, Reduce Time Urgency, Disarm Yourself, Quiet
Time, Watch Your Habits, Talk to Friends
• Different types of Crisis
o Developmental Crisis – Life Stages, Transition of Life of Taking care of Children or Parents
o Situational Crisis – Illness, Environment, Job Loss
o Adventitious Crisis – Disaster, Social Crises
, • Self-Efficacy is the belief in oneself to do something (Albert Bandura)
o High self-efficacy – feel you can accomplish your goals, maintain persistence despite setbacks & adversity, interested in activities, set challenging goals
o Low self-efficacy – lack of belief in self, low aspirations and weak commitment, poor self-concept and low self-esteem
• P. Benner 5 Stages of Nursing Competence: Novice → Advanced Beginner → Competent → Proficient → Expert
o Most nurses start at novice or advanced beginner. Experience is important in going to the next stage.
• Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring (Watson’s Transpersonal Caring) – Moment when caregiver and victim connect as one. Importance of caring
relationships between caregiver and patients.
o Authenticity
o Inter-subjectivity
o Caritas consciousness – Non-judgmental way of perceiving the world as whole.
o Wholeness
o Moral Commitment
• Madeline Leininger Transcultural Caring Theory – Nurses need a better understanding of patient’s culture
to give them better care.
o Cultural preservation or maintenance
o Cultural care accommodation or negotiation
o Cultural care repatterning or reconstructing
• Ethics of Care
o Beneficence – To do good
o Nonmaleficence – Do no harm
o Autonomy – Patient have the right to make their own decisions
o Justice – Treat all people equally
• Kristen Swanson Theory of Caring
o Empower, empathize with, and support patients on their healing journey
o Knowing – Strive to understand
o Being with – Emotionally present
o Doing for – Golden rule (Treat others how you want to be treated)
o Enabling
o Maintaining belief and faith
• Caring for Patients
o Presence – Being there for them
o Listening – Showing they matter
o Touch – Showing care
o Knowing the patient
• Empathy – emotionally feeling and connecting with another, being able to relate to their experiences
• Compassion – desire to help others
• Comforting – alleviating distress
• Newman Systems Model – a framework and guidelines for providing optimal client care and holistic are. If a stressor occurs, what interventions can we do?
• Pender’s Health Promotion Model
o Try to predict and explain health-promoting behaviors
o 3 focus areas – individual experience, behavior-specific knowledge and effect behavior outcomes
o 5 key sections – person, environment, nursing, health, illness
• Review Questions on BB. (All questions should be answerable with my notes above.)
o What is stress and anxiety?
o What effects does stress have on the body?
o What are some positive ways to manage stress and anxiety?
o Know Han Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome and what occurs in each stage.
o Know Patricia Benner’s Theory regarding nursing from Novice to Expert
o Know Alberta Bandera’s Self Efficacy Theory
o Know Theory’s on Caring by: Jean Watson; Madeleine Leininger & Kristen Swanson’s
o What can you do as a student to reduce stress/coping?
o What are coping strategies and the various methods used to cope?
o What is compassion fatigue and how does it affect nurses at the bedside?
o What is burnout? What behaviors reflect burnout?
o What can nurses do to help prevent burnout?
o What are ego defense mechanisms?
o Know when/how the following ego defense mechanisms are used: Denial, Regression, Sublimation, Rationalization, Regression and Displacement.
o How does a nurse demonstrate caring for others?
NURS 120
Med Surge
1 Final
Review for:
100
Questions
on
Perioperati
ve Nursing
West Coast
University
History of Nursing [12 Questions on Exam]
• OBJECTIVES
I. Explore the historical development of professional nursing.
II. Identify the social, political, and economic factors that influenced the development and evolution of nursing in the US.
III. Describe the influence of Florence Nightingale and other leaders in the development of professional nursing.
IV. Describe the nursing today.
V. Discuss the future of nursing and identity factors that could impact the profession.
• Nursing = Caring for others, advocating for others, being compassionate, knowledgeable, Patience, non-judgemental. Nursing is a profession.
• General History about Nursing
o Nursing originates from caring for the wounded and ill. Original nursing was strongly linked to religion.
o In Middle Ages, care was provided primarily by religious orders to sick and poor in monasteries.
o In 1500-1800’s, the rich received care from hospitals (physicians) and poor people received care in monasteries (nurses, nuns, priests). No specific
training to “nurse” others.
o In the 15th Century (Protestant Reformation), monasteries were closed down.
▪ Prostitutes and convicted women were forced to be nurses. Nursing was seen as unrespectable, poor pay, and had unfavorable conditions.
▪ Daughters of Charity enlisted many impoverished women to help with care for the sick. They brought hope.
• 19th Century Nursing – Important Figures [Mrs. Day says no need to do birth and death years].
o Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
▪ Founder of Modern Nursing
▪ Led nurses to Crimean War to care for wounded soldiers
▪ Known as “The Lady of the Lamp”
▪ Statistician/Developed Rose Diagram (Did research before research occurred. Noticed that wounded soldiers that were not treated in the
field would die by the time they reached the location of treatment)
▪ Improved Sanitation, published “notes on Nursing”, Established Florence Nightingale School for Nurses in St. Thomas London
o Mary Seacole (1808 – 1881)
▪ Jamaican healer/doctress (NOT a Nurse!)
▪ Offered her services to Florence Nightingale during Crimean War
▪ Worked Voluntary with her own resources
▪ Recognized as a significant minority nurse (Saw the disparity in treatment).
o Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
▪ Author, Teacher, and Social Reformer (NOT a Nurse!)
▪ The Asylum Movement – Best known reforming conditions of the mentally ill and prisoners.
▪ Changed the public’s perception of these vulnerable populations
▪ Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the civil war.
▪ After the war, her effort to reform treatment of the mentally ill continued.
o Clara Barton (1821-1912)
▪ Teacher (NOT a Nurse!)
▪ Opened a free public school in 1852
▪ Founded the American Red Cross in 1881
▪ Cared for her brother which inspired her to care for others through teaching, distributed food and medication supplies during the civil war,
named head nurse without formal training, worked for the international red cross in Europe, Founded the National First Aid of America in
1905
o Mary Elizabeth Mahoney (1845-1926)
▪ First African American to earn a nursing license
▪ Leader for the Howard Orphan Asylum for Black Children
▪ Member of the American Nurse Association (ANA)
▪ 1908, co-founded National Association of Color Graduate Nurses (NACGN)
▪ Graduated and worked at the New England Hospital for Women and Children
o Lillian D. Wald (1867-1940)
▪ Quit Medical School
, ▪ Founded Henry Street Settlement with Mary Brewster
▪ First Public Health Nurse
o Loretta Ford (1920 – Present)
▪ Recognized: Shortages of pediatricians and family practices, Lack of rural and urban healthcare, rise in healthcare costs
▪ Started the first nurse practitioner program in the U.S. beside Dr. Henry Silver
▪ Lifelong learner – BSN, MSN, FNP, DNP, Certified public health nurse
o Mary Ann Nutting (1858-1948)
▪ Limited the number of hours nursing students could work, expanded nursing curriculum from 2 years to 3 years, and added a preclinical
training period, and established a professional and historical library at the school
▪ After the Spanish American War, assisted in establishing the Army Nurse Corps
o Linda Richards (1841-1930)
▪ Created night shift nursing
▪ Started nursing programs across US: Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachusetts
▪ Started Japan’s first nursing program.
• 20th Century Nursing
o WWII
o Technology
o Nurses Registration Act of 1903
o 1970 all states required licensure for LPN & RNs
o Diploma, RN, BSN, MSN, DNP, PhD
o Nurse Practice Act, State Board of Nursing, NCLEX, ANA, Accreditation
• 21st Century Nursing
o Advancement in technology
o Community healthcare
o Telehealth and telemedicine.
• Review Questions on BB:
o Review past, present and future of nursing and learn about the nurse leaders for their contributions to nursing and relevant historical events. (i.e. Wald,
Barton, Dix, Mahoney, Nightingale, Nutting, Richards, etc.)
, Care for Professional Self & Others [12 Questions on Exam] (Bold + Underlined = Key Terms)
• OBJECTIVES
I. Analyze common stressors as they relate to the role of the nursing student, nurse, and patient.
II. Review Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and describe what occurs during the three stages of reaction to stress.
III. Describe the effects of work-related stress on health and career longevity.
IV. Discuss various ego-defense mechanisms used to protect oneself from anxiety and stress.
V. Assess own resources for managing the student role and identify self-care approaches for enhancing success in this program.
VI. Describe the role of the nurse in assisting patients with stress management.
VII. Discuss the role that caring plays in building the nurse-patient relationship.
VIII. Discuss various theories of caring.
IX. Describe ways to express caring and decrease patient stress through presence, listening and touch.
• Nursing = High-stress nature of profession, risk of burnout, compassion fatigue, and moral distress, impact on patient care and safety
• Stress occurs in response to an event that evokes a degree of tension or anxiety. Everyone feels stress differently.
o ↑ Stress increases risk of infection, high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and cancer. Stress can be acute or chronic.
• Stressors are tension-producing stimuli operating within or on any system.
o Stressors for nursing or nursing students:
▪ Workload
▪ Interprofessional relationships
▪ Relationships to patient and families
▪ Dealing with death and dying
o Stressors for patients:
▪ Physical – illness/injury, medical procedures, hospitalization
▪ Emotional – fear/anxiety, depression/hopelessness, uncertainty and loss of control
▪ Social – isolation, role changes, stigma
▪ Financial – healthcare costs, loss of income
▪ Environmental – healthcare environment, time constraints
▪ Cultural – language barriers, cultural differences, personal belief
• Primary Appraisal is personally evaluating if a situation is relevant, benign, or stressful. Is this a stressful situation?
• Secondary appraisal is evaluating a stressful situation and determine how to cope with it. What type of stress? How to deal with it?
• Eustress is positive stress that stimulates thinking process, helps us stay alert, and can result in personal growth.
• Distress is negative stress that occurs due to lack of coping mechanisms, loss of emotional balance, and results in crises.
• In a crisis, usual methods of coping fail which lead to high levels of anxiety, disorganized behavior, and inability to function.
• Coping mechanisms are behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety.
• Wellness is the active state of being healthy, a lifestyle that promotes a good physical, mental, and emotional health.
• Anxiety is a universal, unpleasant feeling of worry, nervousness, and unease.
o Physiological symptoms – gastrointestinal upset, aches/pains, tachycardia, shortness of breath
o Psychological symptoms – nervousness, worry, depersonalization
o Cognitive symptoms – selective inattention, difficulty remembering, difficulty concentrating
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic effect with varying severities and symptoms.
o Trauma is the lasting emotional response to a distressing event. Difficult to cope with.
• Compassion Fatigue is the loss of satisfaction from providing good patient care. It is when you use up all your compassion, no more to give out.
• Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) is the feeling of despair caused by the transfer of distress from a victim to a caregiver.
• Burnout is the cumulative state of frustration with the work environment that develops over time.
o Burnout symptoms – emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment, reduced efficacy
o Physical Burnout symptoms – fatigue, headache, sleep disturbances
• General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
o Alarm reaction – fight or flight
o Resistance – body tries to recover from alarm reaction
o Exhaustion – body’s energy sources are depleted
o Symptoms: Chronic fatigue, depression/anxiety, weakened immune system, weight loss or gain, gastrointestinal problems, and chronic pain
• Ego Defense Mechanism
o Repression – involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings Ex: Doesn’t remember the trauma or stress-inducing situation.
o Denial – refusing to acknowledge the situation or connected feelings Ex: I’m not an alcoholic because I can still drive and go to work.
o Regression – retreating to an earlier level of development Ex: Teenager starts bed-wetting again after stressful situations.
o Projection – attributing one’s unacceptable feelings to others Ex: A cheater calls their significant other a cheater with no reason.
o Displacement – redirecting emotions or impulses to a safer target Ex: Person angry at their boss yells at their significant other instead.
o Rationalization – justifying behaviors with false logical reasons Ex: “I didn’t want the job anyway” after getting rejected.
o Sublimation – channel bad impulses into socially acceptable activities Ex: Extreme anger is used for boxing or wrestling instead.
o Reaction Formation – acting in the opposite direction of how they actually feel Ex: Kids being mean to their crush.
o Compensation – overemphasizing one area of life to make up for another Ex: Eating really healthy to make up for smoking.
o Intellectualization – using logic and reasoning to block out emotional distress Ex: Focusing on the details of a funeral instead of being sad
o Identification – adopting characteristics of others to feel competent Ex: Mirroring or adopting mannerisms of a teacher or boss
o Suppression – consciously deciding to delay dealing with an emotion Ex: Pushing anger to the back of the mind until an exam is over.
• Self-Care Modalities
o Physical: Exercise
o Emotional: Music, Hobbies
o Social: Talk to others
• Allostasis is how we respond to stressors to retain or return to homeostasis.
• Stress Management: Time management, Communicate, Journaling (Reflection/Debrief), Belief, Maintain sense of humor, Breaks, Nutrition
• Blackboard Helpful Hints to Manage Stress: Learn to Relax, Talk Rationally to Yourself, Get Organized, Exercise, Reduce Time Urgency, Disarm Yourself, Quiet
Time, Watch Your Habits, Talk to Friends
• Different types of Crisis
o Developmental Crisis – Life Stages, Transition of Life of Taking care of Children or Parents
o Situational Crisis – Illness, Environment, Job Loss
o Adventitious Crisis – Disaster, Social Crises
, • Self-Efficacy is the belief in oneself to do something (Albert Bandura)
o High self-efficacy – feel you can accomplish your goals, maintain persistence despite setbacks & adversity, interested in activities, set challenging goals
o Low self-efficacy – lack of belief in self, low aspirations and weak commitment, poor self-concept and low self-esteem
• P. Benner 5 Stages of Nursing Competence: Novice → Advanced Beginner → Competent → Proficient → Expert
o Most nurses start at novice or advanced beginner. Experience is important in going to the next stage.
• Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring (Watson’s Transpersonal Caring) – Moment when caregiver and victim connect as one. Importance of caring
relationships between caregiver and patients.
o Authenticity
o Inter-subjectivity
o Caritas consciousness – Non-judgmental way of perceiving the world as whole.
o Wholeness
o Moral Commitment
• Madeline Leininger Transcultural Caring Theory – Nurses need a better understanding of patient’s culture
to give them better care.
o Cultural preservation or maintenance
o Cultural care accommodation or negotiation
o Cultural care repatterning or reconstructing
• Ethics of Care
o Beneficence – To do good
o Nonmaleficence – Do no harm
o Autonomy – Patient have the right to make their own decisions
o Justice – Treat all people equally
• Kristen Swanson Theory of Caring
o Empower, empathize with, and support patients on their healing journey
o Knowing – Strive to understand
o Being with – Emotionally present
o Doing for – Golden rule (Treat others how you want to be treated)
o Enabling
o Maintaining belief and faith
• Caring for Patients
o Presence – Being there for them
o Listening – Showing they matter
o Touch – Showing care
o Knowing the patient
• Empathy – emotionally feeling and connecting with another, being able to relate to their experiences
• Compassion – desire to help others
• Comforting – alleviating distress
• Newman Systems Model – a framework and guidelines for providing optimal client care and holistic are. If a stressor occurs, what interventions can we do?
• Pender’s Health Promotion Model
o Try to predict and explain health-promoting behaviors
o 3 focus areas – individual experience, behavior-specific knowledge and effect behavior outcomes
o 5 key sections – person, environment, nursing, health, illness
• Review Questions on BB. (All questions should be answerable with my notes above.)
o What is stress and anxiety?
o What effects does stress have on the body?
o What are some positive ways to manage stress and anxiety?
o Know Han Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome and what occurs in each stage.
o Know Patricia Benner’s Theory regarding nursing from Novice to Expert
o Know Alberta Bandera’s Self Efficacy Theory
o Know Theory’s on Caring by: Jean Watson; Madeleine Leininger & Kristen Swanson’s
o What can you do as a student to reduce stress/coping?
o What are coping strategies and the various methods used to cope?
o What is compassion fatigue and how does it affect nurses at the bedside?
o What is burnout? What behaviors reflect burnout?
o What can nurses do to help prevent burnout?
o What are ego defense mechanisms?
o Know when/how the following ego defense mechanisms are used: Denial, Regression, Sublimation, Rationalization, Regression and Displacement.
o How does a nurse demonstrate caring for others?
