NR565 Advanced Pharmacology
Fundamentals Week 1 Exam 2026
Questions and Answers
Drug Development Process - Correct answer-Pre-clincial Stage (Animal testing) of
R&D
INDClinical (Safety and effectiveness)
R&DFinal Product Development
Post-marketing
Variations in drug development process
Preclinical stage of R&D - Correct answer-1. Drug discovery
2. Biological characterization (drug action/ fate)
3. Pre-formulation studies
4. Initial formulations
5. Manufacturing and controls
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,6. Package label and design
Clinical Stage - Correct answer-Phase 1: Biological effects, safe dosage
Phase 2: New drug treats small amount of patients
Phase 3: Larger size, must be as good as or better than others.
Drug Discovery - Correct answer-1. target identification and validation
2. hit identification and screening
3. lead identification and optimization
4. candidate preclinical and clinical drug development
Graded dose response - Correct answer-Drug response is continuous and gradual.
The concentration increases, the magnitude of the effect increases
Types of Drug Response - Correct answer--Graded - responses that can be
measured (BP, HR, Diuresis, Bronchodilation, Pain scale, Coma Score)
-Quantal Effects- may or may not occur (convulsions, pregnancy, rash, sleep,
death)
Receptors exist in what two states? - Correct answer-1) Inactive (R)2) Active
(R*)Equilibrium favors inactive state (R)
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, Four major receptor families- receptors are proteins that transduce extracellular
signals to intracellular responses - Correct answer-1) Ligand-gated ion channel
2) G protein-coupled receptors
3) Enzyme-linked receptors
4) Intracellular receptors regulating gene expression
Ion Channel Receptors / Gated ion channels - Correct answer-- Rapid onset and
short duration (muscle contraction)
Transmit signals across the cell membrane by increasing the flow of ions and
altering the electrical potential or separation of charged ions across the membrane
Gated Ion Channel Receptors:
Open or close channels to allow certain ions to pass through cell membrane.
A gated channel for a specific ion. The opening or closing of such channels may
alter a cell's membrane potential.
G protein-coupled receptors (Guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins) - Correct
answer--Found in cell membrane
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Fundamentals Week 1 Exam 2026
Questions and Answers
Drug Development Process - Correct answer-Pre-clincial Stage (Animal testing) of
R&D
INDClinical (Safety and effectiveness)
R&DFinal Product Development
Post-marketing
Variations in drug development process
Preclinical stage of R&D - Correct answer-1. Drug discovery
2. Biological characterization (drug action/ fate)
3. Pre-formulation studies
4. Initial formulations
5. Manufacturing and controls
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,6. Package label and design
Clinical Stage - Correct answer-Phase 1: Biological effects, safe dosage
Phase 2: New drug treats small amount of patients
Phase 3: Larger size, must be as good as or better than others.
Drug Discovery - Correct answer-1. target identification and validation
2. hit identification and screening
3. lead identification and optimization
4. candidate preclinical and clinical drug development
Graded dose response - Correct answer-Drug response is continuous and gradual.
The concentration increases, the magnitude of the effect increases
Types of Drug Response - Correct answer--Graded - responses that can be
measured (BP, HR, Diuresis, Bronchodilation, Pain scale, Coma Score)
-Quantal Effects- may or may not occur (convulsions, pregnancy, rash, sleep,
death)
Receptors exist in what two states? - Correct answer-1) Inactive (R)2) Active
(R*)Equilibrium favors inactive state (R)
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Four major receptor families- receptors are proteins that transduce extracellular
signals to intracellular responses - Correct answer-1) Ligand-gated ion channel
2) G protein-coupled receptors
3) Enzyme-linked receptors
4) Intracellular receptors regulating gene expression
Ion Channel Receptors / Gated ion channels - Correct answer-- Rapid onset and
short duration (muscle contraction)
Transmit signals across the cell membrane by increasing the flow of ions and
altering the electrical potential or separation of charged ions across the membrane
Gated Ion Channel Receptors:
Open or close channels to allow certain ions to pass through cell membrane.
A gated channel for a specific ion. The opening or closing of such channels may
alter a cell's membrane potential.
G protein-coupled receptors (Guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins) - Correct
answer--Found in cell membrane
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
