1|Page 2|Page
NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM ADVANCED Which phrase best describes the function of the crypts of Lieberkühn? -
ANSWER: Cellular differentiation
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM || ACCURATE AND
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|| LATEST Identify a nonspecific response to injury involving phagocytic cells, neutrophils,
and macrophages. - ANSWER: inflammation
AND COMPLETE UPDATE WITH EXPERT VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS|| SURE PASS!!
What is a researcher in the field of nutritional genomics least likely to study? - The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell,
ANSWER: the interaction between genetically engineered enzymes and their creating an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential. -
substrates ANSWER: Sodium-Potassium Pump
When the pH of the stomach is increased to manage GERD, over time, the stomach Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in
may not be acidic enough. What is the most likely outcome of this strategy? - oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation. - ANSWER: Mitochondria
ANSWER: decreased protein digestion
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids,
Which disaccharide is commonly found in mushrooms? - ANSWER: trehalose lowering both bicarbonate and pH. - ANSWER: Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
By what mechanism do soluble fibers decrease the absorption of lipids? - B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral
ANSWER: by absorbing/interacting with lipids immunity. - ANSWER: B Lymphocytes
Functional fiber is currently defined as - ANSWER: carbohydrates that are Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and
nondigestible by human enzymes; have been isolated, extracted, or manufactured cell swelling. - ANSWER: Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury
and have been shown to have beneficial physiological effects in humans
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing
Which of the following foods has the lowest glycemic index? - ANSWER: kidney fever. - ANSWER: Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
beans
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing
Which protein does the FDA specify as a standard for comparison of protein beta cells in the pancreas. - ANSWER: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
quality? - ANSWER: Casein
,3|Page 4|Page
Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed In what part of the cell does glycolysis take occur - ANSWER: cytosol
area. - ANSWER: Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation
The enzyme ATP synthase is believed to catalyze the formation of ATP, as
Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the - ANSWER: Liver described by the ____ theory. - ANSWER: chemiosmotic
What is the name of the enzyme in saliva that digests starch? - ANSWER: In which organelle do the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur? - ANSWER:
amylase mintochondrion
What is the carrier for medium-chain fatty acids in portal circulation? - ANSWER: Urea synthesis occurs partly in the mitochondria and partly in the cytosol of the
Albumin ____. - ANSWER: hepatocytes
What hormone increases appetite - ANSWER: ghrelin The branched-chain amino acids found in the systemic circulation include ____. -
ANSWER: valine, leucine, isoleucine
Which of the following is considered a functional fiber - ANSWER: psyllium
In which metabolic pathway do branching enzymes play a key role? - ANSWER:
glycogenesis
Which source of fiber would be the best to add to one's diet in order to lower serum
lipid concentrations? - ANSWER: barley β-glucan and methylcellulose
Membrane lipid bilayers consist primarily of ____. - ANSWER: phospholipids
How does orlistat reduce absorption of dietary fat? - ANSWER: by inhibiting the
activity of pancreatic lipase Pancreatic cells produce many digestive enzymes necessary for digestion in the
small intestine. Which organelle(s) is/are necessary for the delivery of digestive
enzymes by the pancreatic cells? - ANSWER: endoplasmic reticulum and golgi
A manufacturer can claim that its product is an "excellent" source of fiber if the apparatus
product contains at least what percentage of the recommendations for fiber? -
ANSWER: 20
Which of the following benefits provided by fiber is linked with colon cancer? -
ANSWER: fiber reduces bile concentration, dilutes intestinal contents, and
Which of the following is not usually an effect of bacterial overgrowth in the small reduces colonic transit time
intestine? - ANSWER: celiac disease
Where are disaccharides synthesized? - ANSWER: enterocyte
, 5|Page 6|Page
A mutation in which gene results in phenylketonuria (PKU)? - ANSWER:
phenylalanine hydroxylase
A common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is the bacterium ____. -
ANSWER: Helicobacter pylori
Which of the following is not a condition associated with protein malnutrition? -
ANSWER: intermittent fasting
Ketones are produced from - ANSWER: Acetyl CoA
What is the DNA in the nucleus found wrapped around? - ANSWER: proteins
Where is sucrose digestion initiated - ANSWER: duodenum
called histones
Which combination of fatty acids together makes up more than 90% of the fatty
The germ layer of the kernel contains all of the following EXCEPT ______. -
acids in the average U.S. diet? - ANSWER: Palmitic (16:0), Stearic (18:0), Oleic
ANSWER: Starch
(18:1), Linoleic (18:2)
In which metabolic pathway does glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase play a key
According to the USDA data for the year 2010, most of the carbohydrates in the
role? - ANSWER: pentose phosphate pathway
American diet came from ____. - ANSWER: grain products
Where does pancreatic lipase begin to work? - ANSWER: the duodenum
What is the Estimated Average Requirement for protein for adults (men and
women aged 19 years and older)? - ANSWER: 0.66
Which of the following risks for cardiovascular disease is associated with
lipoprotein (a)? - ANSWER: shares structural homology with plasminogen;
Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be supplied by the diet? -
increases risk of CVD
ANSWER: linoleic acid
Which organ derives 50% of its energy from oxidation of amino acids? -
Which of the following benefits provided by fiber is linked with diabetes mellitus?
ANSWER: liver
- ANSWER: viscous, gel-forming fibers improve glycemic control
Which of the following describes chemical messengers secreted by endocrine
Which of the following can freely diffuse across the inner mitochondrial
tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes? -
membrane? - ANSWER: oxygen and carbon dioxide
ANSWER: hormones
NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM ADVANCED Which phrase best describes the function of the crypts of Lieberkühn? -
ANSWER: Cellular differentiation
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM || ACCURATE AND
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|| LATEST Identify a nonspecific response to injury involving phagocytic cells, neutrophils,
and macrophages. - ANSWER: inflammation
AND COMPLETE UPDATE WITH EXPERT VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS|| SURE PASS!!
What is a researcher in the field of nutritional genomics least likely to study? - The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell,
ANSWER: the interaction between genetically engineered enzymes and their creating an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential. -
substrates ANSWER: Sodium-Potassium Pump
When the pH of the stomach is increased to manage GERD, over time, the stomach Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in
may not be acidic enough. What is the most likely outcome of this strategy? - oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation. - ANSWER: Mitochondria
ANSWER: decreased protein digestion
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids,
Which disaccharide is commonly found in mushrooms? - ANSWER: trehalose lowering both bicarbonate and pH. - ANSWER: Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
By what mechanism do soluble fibers decrease the absorption of lipids? - B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral
ANSWER: by absorbing/interacting with lipids immunity. - ANSWER: B Lymphocytes
Functional fiber is currently defined as - ANSWER: carbohydrates that are Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and
nondigestible by human enzymes; have been isolated, extracted, or manufactured cell swelling. - ANSWER: Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury
and have been shown to have beneficial physiological effects in humans
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing
Which of the following foods has the lowest glycemic index? - ANSWER: kidney fever. - ANSWER: Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
beans
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing
Which protein does the FDA specify as a standard for comparison of protein beta cells in the pancreas. - ANSWER: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
quality? - ANSWER: Casein
,3|Page 4|Page
Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed In what part of the cell does glycolysis take occur - ANSWER: cytosol
area. - ANSWER: Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation
The enzyme ATP synthase is believed to catalyze the formation of ATP, as
Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the - ANSWER: Liver described by the ____ theory. - ANSWER: chemiosmotic
What is the name of the enzyme in saliva that digests starch? - ANSWER: In which organelle do the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur? - ANSWER:
amylase mintochondrion
What is the carrier for medium-chain fatty acids in portal circulation? - ANSWER: Urea synthesis occurs partly in the mitochondria and partly in the cytosol of the
Albumin ____. - ANSWER: hepatocytes
What hormone increases appetite - ANSWER: ghrelin The branched-chain amino acids found in the systemic circulation include ____. -
ANSWER: valine, leucine, isoleucine
Which of the following is considered a functional fiber - ANSWER: psyllium
In which metabolic pathway do branching enzymes play a key role? - ANSWER:
glycogenesis
Which source of fiber would be the best to add to one's diet in order to lower serum
lipid concentrations? - ANSWER: barley β-glucan and methylcellulose
Membrane lipid bilayers consist primarily of ____. - ANSWER: phospholipids
How does orlistat reduce absorption of dietary fat? - ANSWER: by inhibiting the
activity of pancreatic lipase Pancreatic cells produce many digestive enzymes necessary for digestion in the
small intestine. Which organelle(s) is/are necessary for the delivery of digestive
enzymes by the pancreatic cells? - ANSWER: endoplasmic reticulum and golgi
A manufacturer can claim that its product is an "excellent" source of fiber if the apparatus
product contains at least what percentage of the recommendations for fiber? -
ANSWER: 20
Which of the following benefits provided by fiber is linked with colon cancer? -
ANSWER: fiber reduces bile concentration, dilutes intestinal contents, and
Which of the following is not usually an effect of bacterial overgrowth in the small reduces colonic transit time
intestine? - ANSWER: celiac disease
Where are disaccharides synthesized? - ANSWER: enterocyte
, 5|Page 6|Page
A mutation in which gene results in phenylketonuria (PKU)? - ANSWER:
phenylalanine hydroxylase
A common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is the bacterium ____. -
ANSWER: Helicobacter pylori
Which of the following is not a condition associated with protein malnutrition? -
ANSWER: intermittent fasting
Ketones are produced from - ANSWER: Acetyl CoA
What is the DNA in the nucleus found wrapped around? - ANSWER: proteins
Where is sucrose digestion initiated - ANSWER: duodenum
called histones
Which combination of fatty acids together makes up more than 90% of the fatty
The germ layer of the kernel contains all of the following EXCEPT ______. -
acids in the average U.S. diet? - ANSWER: Palmitic (16:0), Stearic (18:0), Oleic
ANSWER: Starch
(18:1), Linoleic (18:2)
In which metabolic pathway does glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase play a key
According to the USDA data for the year 2010, most of the carbohydrates in the
role? - ANSWER: pentose phosphate pathway
American diet came from ____. - ANSWER: grain products
Where does pancreatic lipase begin to work? - ANSWER: the duodenum
What is the Estimated Average Requirement for protein for adults (men and
women aged 19 years and older)? - ANSWER: 0.66
Which of the following risks for cardiovascular disease is associated with
lipoprotein (a)? - ANSWER: shares structural homology with plasminogen;
Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be supplied by the diet? -
increases risk of CVD
ANSWER: linoleic acid
Which organ derives 50% of its energy from oxidation of amino acids? -
Which of the following benefits provided by fiber is linked with diabetes mellitus?
ANSWER: liver
- ANSWER: viscous, gel-forming fibers improve glycemic control
Which of the following describes chemical messengers secreted by endocrine
Which of the following can freely diffuse across the inner mitochondrial
tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes? -
membrane? - ANSWER: oxygen and carbon dioxide
ANSWER: hormones
