FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY ACTUAL
EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
100% CORRECT
◉amino acid . Answer: polar monomer of protein composed of a central
carbon atom (α-carbon) bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a
hydrogen, and an R group (side chain)
◉carboxyl group . Answer:
◉lipid . Answer: long chain of hydrocarbons that is poorly soluble in
water. ex: cholesterol
◉nucleotide . Answer: monomer of nucleic acids composed of a five
carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base (nitrogen containing ring), and one or
more phosphate groups. ex: ATP
◉carbohydrate . Answer: monomer of polysaccharides made up of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CH2O)n; ex: glucose (sugar)
,◉phosphoester formation and structure . Answer: formed by combining
phosphoric acid and an alcohol which results in removal of a water
molecule
◉ATP structure . Answer: - ribose
- adenine
- three phosphate groups:
contain ester and anhydride bonds involving phosphoric acid
◉residues . Answer: monomers within a polymer
◉informational vs non-informational polymers . Answer: -
informational: order of monomers matters (proteins, nucleic acids)
- non-informational: order doesn't matter (polysaccharides)
◉proteins . Answer: polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
◉nucleic acids . Answer: polymers of nucleotides joined by
phosphodiester bonds
◉polysaccharides . Answer: polymers of carbohydrates joined by
glycosidic bonds. ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen
,◉enzymes . Answer: proteins and ribozymes (RNA enzymes) that can
act as catalysts. ability to increase rate of reaction depends on the amino
acid sequence of the given enzyme.
◉ribozymes . Answer: catalytic RNA molecules that function as
enzymes and can splice RNA
◉ultimate source of energy in life processes and explanation . Answer:
the sun; photosynthetic organisms use light to drive synthesis of
carbohydrates. other organisms then consume these carbohydrates to use
as energy sources.
◉first law of thermodynamics . Answer: energy can neither be created
nor destroyed
◉second law of thermodynamics . Answer: total entropy of a system
must increase over time
◉enthalpy . Answer: H; total heat content of a system at a constant
pressure
◉free energy . Answer: G; change in G indicates likelihood of a
reaction (not the speed).
- exergonic: energy releasing, spontaneous
- endergonic: energy absorbing, nonspontaneous
, ◉big bang theory . Answer: all matter was originally confined to a
small volume of space until an explosion resulted in a rapid expansion of
a fireball. average temperature of Universe as been decreasing ever
since. in the early stages, only H, He, and Li were present, other
elements were formed by thermonuclear reactions in stars, explosions,
and cosmic rays.
◉prokaryotes . Answer: meaning "Pre-nucleus", these microorganisms
lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. ex: bacteria
◉eukaryotes . Answer: - meaning "true-nucleus"
- often larger than prokaryotic cells
- can be unicellular or multicellular
- well defined nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
◉five kingdom system of classifying living organisms . Answer: -
Monera (prokaryotes)
- Protista (mostly unicellular eukaryotes)
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
100% CORRECT
◉amino acid . Answer: polar monomer of protein composed of a central
carbon atom (α-carbon) bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a
hydrogen, and an R group (side chain)
◉carboxyl group . Answer:
◉lipid . Answer: long chain of hydrocarbons that is poorly soluble in
water. ex: cholesterol
◉nucleotide . Answer: monomer of nucleic acids composed of a five
carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base (nitrogen containing ring), and one or
more phosphate groups. ex: ATP
◉carbohydrate . Answer: monomer of polysaccharides made up of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CH2O)n; ex: glucose (sugar)
,◉phosphoester formation and structure . Answer: formed by combining
phosphoric acid and an alcohol which results in removal of a water
molecule
◉ATP structure . Answer: - ribose
- adenine
- three phosphate groups:
contain ester and anhydride bonds involving phosphoric acid
◉residues . Answer: monomers within a polymer
◉informational vs non-informational polymers . Answer: -
informational: order of monomers matters (proteins, nucleic acids)
- non-informational: order doesn't matter (polysaccharides)
◉proteins . Answer: polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
◉nucleic acids . Answer: polymers of nucleotides joined by
phosphodiester bonds
◉polysaccharides . Answer: polymers of carbohydrates joined by
glycosidic bonds. ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen
,◉enzymes . Answer: proteins and ribozymes (RNA enzymes) that can
act as catalysts. ability to increase rate of reaction depends on the amino
acid sequence of the given enzyme.
◉ribozymes . Answer: catalytic RNA molecules that function as
enzymes and can splice RNA
◉ultimate source of energy in life processes and explanation . Answer:
the sun; photosynthetic organisms use light to drive synthesis of
carbohydrates. other organisms then consume these carbohydrates to use
as energy sources.
◉first law of thermodynamics . Answer: energy can neither be created
nor destroyed
◉second law of thermodynamics . Answer: total entropy of a system
must increase over time
◉enthalpy . Answer: H; total heat content of a system at a constant
pressure
◉free energy . Answer: G; change in G indicates likelihood of a
reaction (not the speed).
- exergonic: energy releasing, spontaneous
- endergonic: energy absorbing, nonspontaneous
, ◉big bang theory . Answer: all matter was originally confined to a
small volume of space until an explosion resulted in a rapid expansion of
a fireball. average temperature of Universe as been decreasing ever
since. in the early stages, only H, He, and Li were present, other
elements were formed by thermonuclear reactions in stars, explosions,
and cosmic rays.
◉prokaryotes . Answer: meaning "Pre-nucleus", these microorganisms
lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. ex: bacteria
◉eukaryotes . Answer: - meaning "true-nucleus"
- often larger than prokaryotic cells
- can be unicellular or multicellular
- well defined nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
◉five kingdom system of classifying living organisms . Answer: -
Monera (prokaryotes)
- Protista (mostly unicellular eukaryotes)
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
