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20 Multiple choice questions
,Term 1 of 20
Why is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) a more significant problem for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus than
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a disorder of the intervertebral discs. When the discs
deteriorate, they cause improper alignment of the spinal column. Some anatomical issues
that result are thinning discs, herniated discs (nucleus pulposus leaking through annulus
fibrosus cartilage), bulging discs, and degenerated discs (possible with the formation of
osteophytes).
Lumbar DDD results in pain in the buttock and thighs that gets worse with sitting, bending,
lifting or twisting; weakness and numbness in the lower body, such as sciatica.
Cervical DDD can result in chronic neck pain that radiates to shoulders and down the arms,
weakness of arms/hands, and numbness and tingling in arms/hands.
A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to
secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin
I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial
vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to
increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine.
Hepatitis and chronic alcohol use are common causes of Cirrhosis of the liver. Liver
diseases cause liver cells to become damaged and die.
Scar tissue replaces liver cells and affects the function of the liver leading to cirrhosis.
Cirrhosis can lead to esophageal Varices, which are engorged varicose veins on the low
esophagus caused by congestions and hypertension in the liver. This pressure causes the
veins to weaken and potentially rupture.
Cirrhosis also causes a decrease in bile, which affects lipids digestion and absorption,
hyperbilirubinemia, which can lead to jaundice, inability to detoxify the blood, decrease in
synthesis of clotting factors, which can lead to excessive bleeding and hepatic
, encephalopathy causing confusion and impaired cognition..
Cirrhosis is the formation of liver scar tissue as a result of multiple hepatocyte injuries and
repair efforts. When hepatocytes are injured, stellate cells are stimulated and create
collagenous fibrous tissue in an effort to repair the injury.
Hepatocytes do not function properly in cases of cirrhosis leading to the following
examples (among others):
• Inability to detoxify compounds in blood - increased toxin exposure
• Decreased bile - decreased lipid digestion and absorption
• Hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice
• Bleeding resulting from portal hypertension
• Decreased synthesis of clotting factors - excessive bleeding
• Hepatic encephalopathy - confusion, impaired cognition
Type 1 diabetes results from complete lack of insulin whereas type 2 simply involves insulin
resistance.
With complete lack of insulin, glucose cannot be absorbed at all by the tissues, leading to a
"starvation" response from the body. The starvation response leads to the breakdown of fat
and subsequence ketogenesis, resulting in excessive ketone body production.
In contract, there is still some glucose absorption,in Type 2 diabetes, which means the
starvation response is not initiating to the point of excessive ketogenesis.,
DKA is a result of increasing ketone concentration in the bloodstream.
In Type 1 Diabetes, there is no insulin, which causes the body to respond as if it is starving,
so glucagon will be released from the pancreas, leading to rampant lipid breakdown,
resulting in a high level of ketones in the blood.
However, in Type 2 Diabetes, there is still some insulin, though maybe less, and this
concentration will be enough to prevent DKA from occurring.
20 Multiple choice questions
,Term 1 of 20
Why is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) a more significant problem for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus than
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a disorder of the intervertebral discs. When the discs
deteriorate, they cause improper alignment of the spinal column. Some anatomical issues
that result are thinning discs, herniated discs (nucleus pulposus leaking through annulus
fibrosus cartilage), bulging discs, and degenerated discs (possible with the formation of
osteophytes).
Lumbar DDD results in pain in the buttock and thighs that gets worse with sitting, bending,
lifting or twisting; weakness and numbness in the lower body, such as sciatica.
Cervical DDD can result in chronic neck pain that radiates to shoulders and down the arms,
weakness of arms/hands, and numbness and tingling in arms/hands.
A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins to
secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin
I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial
vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to
increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine.
Hepatitis and chronic alcohol use are common causes of Cirrhosis of the liver. Liver
diseases cause liver cells to become damaged and die.
Scar tissue replaces liver cells and affects the function of the liver leading to cirrhosis.
Cirrhosis can lead to esophageal Varices, which are engorged varicose veins on the low
esophagus caused by congestions and hypertension in the liver. This pressure causes the
veins to weaken and potentially rupture.
Cirrhosis also causes a decrease in bile, which affects lipids digestion and absorption,
hyperbilirubinemia, which can lead to jaundice, inability to detoxify the blood, decrease in
synthesis of clotting factors, which can lead to excessive bleeding and hepatic
, encephalopathy causing confusion and impaired cognition..
Cirrhosis is the formation of liver scar tissue as a result of multiple hepatocyte injuries and
repair efforts. When hepatocytes are injured, stellate cells are stimulated and create
collagenous fibrous tissue in an effort to repair the injury.
Hepatocytes do not function properly in cases of cirrhosis leading to the following
examples (among others):
• Inability to detoxify compounds in blood - increased toxin exposure
• Decreased bile - decreased lipid digestion and absorption
• Hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice
• Bleeding resulting from portal hypertension
• Decreased synthesis of clotting factors - excessive bleeding
• Hepatic encephalopathy - confusion, impaired cognition
Type 1 diabetes results from complete lack of insulin whereas type 2 simply involves insulin
resistance.
With complete lack of insulin, glucose cannot be absorbed at all by the tissues, leading to a
"starvation" response from the body. The starvation response leads to the breakdown of fat
and subsequence ketogenesis, resulting in excessive ketone body production.
In contract, there is still some glucose absorption,in Type 2 diabetes, which means the
starvation response is not initiating to the point of excessive ketogenesis.,
DKA is a result of increasing ketone concentration in the bloodstream.
In Type 1 Diabetes, there is no insulin, which causes the body to respond as if it is starving,
so glucagon will be released from the pancreas, leading to rampant lipid breakdown,
resulting in a high level of ketones in the blood.
However, in Type 2 Diabetes, there is still some insulin, though maybe less, and this
concentration will be enough to prevent DKA from occurring.
