1
BIO 325 Final Exam | Complete Set of Actual Real
Questions with Correct, Verified Answers | 2026
Edition
1. If grandparents are heterozygous for the trait, what is the probability that a
child in question would NOT have the trait (disease).
A. 1/4
B. 3/4
C. 1/3
D. 2/3 - ANSWER D (2/3)
2. What technique would be used to best study a phenocopy?
A. RNAi
B. Transgene
C. Isolation of mutations
D. QTL mapping analysis
E. Microarray - ANSWER A (RNAi)
3. In eukaryotes, transcriptional activity is low when:
A. DNA is hypermethylated.
B. Histone is hyperacetylated.
C. Histone H3 Lys 4 is methylated. D. Histone H3 Lys 36 is methylated
E. none of the above. - ANSWER A (DNA is hypermethylated)
4. Which of the following is property of Enhancer?
A. it is one of tran-acting components in gene regulation. B. it is always
located immediate 5' end of a gene.
B. it is always located immediate 3' end of a gene.
C. its orientation is not important. - ANSWER D (its orientation is not
important)
5. The Rb activity is regulated by
A. its phosphorylation state.
B. its methylation level
C. cyclin A.
D. E2F
E. its polyA tail. - ANSWER A (its phosphorylation state)
, 2
6. In humans, brachydactyly is a dominant condition. Six thousand four
hundred people in a population of 10,000 show the disease (1,600 are BB,
4,800 are Bb) and 3,600 are normal phenotypes (bb). The frequency of the b
allele is
A. 0.6
B. 0.4
C. 0.36
D. 0.48
E. 0.16 - ANSWER A (0.6)
7. A codon is a three base sequence of
A. mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
B. rRNA that codes for an amino acid.
C. tRNA that codes for an amino acid.
D. DNA that codes for an amino acid. - ANSWER A (mRNA that codes
for an amino acid)
8. Which of the following is NOT involved in RNA interference processes?
A. RISC
B. Drosha
C. RNA Polymerase I
D. Dicer - ANSWER C (RNA Polymerase I)
9. Which of the following procedures can benefit from "microarray" ?
A. ASO analysis
B. Differential gene expression in cancer cells
C. Differential gene expression during development
D. Differential gene expression by environment changes
E. all of the above - ANSWER E (All of the above)
10.In the trp operon, attenuation occurs through the recognition of two Trp
codons in the leader sequence. What would happen if these two codons were
mutated to stop codons?
A. This operon will be insensitive to attenuation by tryptophan.
B. The structural genes will be transcribed in the presence or absence of
tryptophan.
C. The tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes will be synthesized. D. None of
these results (A~C) will take place.
D. All of these results (A~C) will take place. - ANSWER E (All of these
results (A~C) will take place)
, 3
11.What is the probability that a gamete produced by a human female will
contain only maternal chromosomes? - ANSWER (1/2)^23 or about 1 in 8.4
million
12.Collection of undifferentiated cells in plants is called the _____ - ANSWER
apical meristem
13.The most critical step in the regulation of most bacterial genes is the binding
of ____ _____ to the _____ . - ANSWER RNA Polymerase; promoter
14.RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes synthesizes ____ using a DNA template. -
ANSWER mRNA
15.The region of DNA containing the set of genes that are cotranscribed, along
with all the regulatory elements that control the expression of these genes, is
called a(n) ____ . - ANSWER operon
16.T/F: HIV does not contain DNA in its virus particles. - ANSWER True
17.T/F: Heterochromatic DNA is DNA that is actively transcribed. - ANSWER
False
18.Angelina Jolie's mother and maternal grandmother died of ovarian cancer.
Her maternal aunt died of breast cancer. Angelina Jolie opted to have a
blood test to see if she had a BRCA1 mutation and found that one copy of
the gene was wild-type, and the other copy had a nonsense mutation that
would cause production of a nonfunctional protein.
19.What is the genotype of the non-tumor cells of her mother, maternal aunt,
and maternal grandmother?
A. Heterozygous
B. Homozygous mutant
C. Homozygous Wild Type - ANSWER A. Heterozygous
20.What is the relationship between chromosomal instability and cell
proliferation characteristic of tumorigenesis? (Select two that apply.)
A. The higher the frequency of cell division, the smaller the chance for
genomic instability because of activation of DNA repair.
, 4
B. There is no relationship between chromosomal instability and cell
proliferation rate.
C. The greater the chromosomal instability, the higher the probability of
increased cell proliferation due to driver mutations.
D. The greater the chromosomal instability, the higher the probability of
increased cell death due to apoptosis.
E. The higher the frequency of cell division, the greater the chance for
genomic instability because of more opportunities to create mutations.
- ANSWER C. The greater the chromosomal instability, the higher the
probability of increased cell proliferation due to driver mutations.
F. The higher the frequency of cell division, the greater the chance for
genomic instability because of more opportunities to create mutations.
21.One problem associated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology is off-target effects.
Part of the reason is that single base-pair mismatches between the target site
and the sgRNA in the 20 bp DNA/RNA hybrid do not prevent Cas9
cleavage of the target site. What is the best strategy to use in order to
specifically target the mutant Htt allele that causes Huntington disease
without off-target effects?
A. Design sgRNA that can base pair with several regions in the genome,
including the Htt locus, to ensure efficient cleavage of the mutant
allele.
B. Use multiple sgRNAs, each of which has one mismatch with the
target sequence at different nucleotide positions.
C. Make sure that no other sequences in the genome are identical or too
similar to the 20 bp sequence involved in base pairing with the
sgRNA.
D. Use mutant Cas 9 enzyme with decreased target specificity.
E. Look for a unique target sequence in the Htt gene that lacks a PAM si
- ANSWER C. Make sure that no other sequences in the genome are
identical or too similar to the 20 bp sequence involved in base pairing
with the sgRNA.
22.As discussed in lecture, CRISPR/Cas9 system evolved in bacteria to provide
anti-viral immunity. Bacterial genome has the CRISPR locus that produces
short CRISPR RNAs, but it does not contain any PAM sites. However, the
bacteriophage genome sequence targeted by CRISPR does. How is this fact
crucial to keeping the bacterial genome intact and selectively destroying the
phage genome? (Select two that apply.)
BIO 325 Final Exam | Complete Set of Actual Real
Questions with Correct, Verified Answers | 2026
Edition
1. If grandparents are heterozygous for the trait, what is the probability that a
child in question would NOT have the trait (disease).
A. 1/4
B. 3/4
C. 1/3
D. 2/3 - ANSWER D (2/3)
2. What technique would be used to best study a phenocopy?
A. RNAi
B. Transgene
C. Isolation of mutations
D. QTL mapping analysis
E. Microarray - ANSWER A (RNAi)
3. In eukaryotes, transcriptional activity is low when:
A. DNA is hypermethylated.
B. Histone is hyperacetylated.
C. Histone H3 Lys 4 is methylated. D. Histone H3 Lys 36 is methylated
E. none of the above. - ANSWER A (DNA is hypermethylated)
4. Which of the following is property of Enhancer?
A. it is one of tran-acting components in gene regulation. B. it is always
located immediate 5' end of a gene.
B. it is always located immediate 3' end of a gene.
C. its orientation is not important. - ANSWER D (its orientation is not
important)
5. The Rb activity is regulated by
A. its phosphorylation state.
B. its methylation level
C. cyclin A.
D. E2F
E. its polyA tail. - ANSWER A (its phosphorylation state)
, 2
6. In humans, brachydactyly is a dominant condition. Six thousand four
hundred people in a population of 10,000 show the disease (1,600 are BB,
4,800 are Bb) and 3,600 are normal phenotypes (bb). The frequency of the b
allele is
A. 0.6
B. 0.4
C. 0.36
D. 0.48
E. 0.16 - ANSWER A (0.6)
7. A codon is a three base sequence of
A. mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
B. rRNA that codes for an amino acid.
C. tRNA that codes for an amino acid.
D. DNA that codes for an amino acid. - ANSWER A (mRNA that codes
for an amino acid)
8. Which of the following is NOT involved in RNA interference processes?
A. RISC
B. Drosha
C. RNA Polymerase I
D. Dicer - ANSWER C (RNA Polymerase I)
9. Which of the following procedures can benefit from "microarray" ?
A. ASO analysis
B. Differential gene expression in cancer cells
C. Differential gene expression during development
D. Differential gene expression by environment changes
E. all of the above - ANSWER E (All of the above)
10.In the trp operon, attenuation occurs through the recognition of two Trp
codons in the leader sequence. What would happen if these two codons were
mutated to stop codons?
A. This operon will be insensitive to attenuation by tryptophan.
B. The structural genes will be transcribed in the presence or absence of
tryptophan.
C. The tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes will be synthesized. D. None of
these results (A~C) will take place.
D. All of these results (A~C) will take place. - ANSWER E (All of these
results (A~C) will take place)
, 3
11.What is the probability that a gamete produced by a human female will
contain only maternal chromosomes? - ANSWER (1/2)^23 or about 1 in 8.4
million
12.Collection of undifferentiated cells in plants is called the _____ - ANSWER
apical meristem
13.The most critical step in the regulation of most bacterial genes is the binding
of ____ _____ to the _____ . - ANSWER RNA Polymerase; promoter
14.RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes synthesizes ____ using a DNA template. -
ANSWER mRNA
15.The region of DNA containing the set of genes that are cotranscribed, along
with all the regulatory elements that control the expression of these genes, is
called a(n) ____ . - ANSWER operon
16.T/F: HIV does not contain DNA in its virus particles. - ANSWER True
17.T/F: Heterochromatic DNA is DNA that is actively transcribed. - ANSWER
False
18.Angelina Jolie's mother and maternal grandmother died of ovarian cancer.
Her maternal aunt died of breast cancer. Angelina Jolie opted to have a
blood test to see if she had a BRCA1 mutation and found that one copy of
the gene was wild-type, and the other copy had a nonsense mutation that
would cause production of a nonfunctional protein.
19.What is the genotype of the non-tumor cells of her mother, maternal aunt,
and maternal grandmother?
A. Heterozygous
B. Homozygous mutant
C. Homozygous Wild Type - ANSWER A. Heterozygous
20.What is the relationship between chromosomal instability and cell
proliferation characteristic of tumorigenesis? (Select two that apply.)
A. The higher the frequency of cell division, the smaller the chance for
genomic instability because of activation of DNA repair.
, 4
B. There is no relationship between chromosomal instability and cell
proliferation rate.
C. The greater the chromosomal instability, the higher the probability of
increased cell proliferation due to driver mutations.
D. The greater the chromosomal instability, the higher the probability of
increased cell death due to apoptosis.
E. The higher the frequency of cell division, the greater the chance for
genomic instability because of more opportunities to create mutations.
- ANSWER C. The greater the chromosomal instability, the higher the
probability of increased cell proliferation due to driver mutations.
F. The higher the frequency of cell division, the greater the chance for
genomic instability because of more opportunities to create mutations.
21.One problem associated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology is off-target effects.
Part of the reason is that single base-pair mismatches between the target site
and the sgRNA in the 20 bp DNA/RNA hybrid do not prevent Cas9
cleavage of the target site. What is the best strategy to use in order to
specifically target the mutant Htt allele that causes Huntington disease
without off-target effects?
A. Design sgRNA that can base pair with several regions in the genome,
including the Htt locus, to ensure efficient cleavage of the mutant
allele.
B. Use multiple sgRNAs, each of which has one mismatch with the
target sequence at different nucleotide positions.
C. Make sure that no other sequences in the genome are identical or too
similar to the 20 bp sequence involved in base pairing with the
sgRNA.
D. Use mutant Cas 9 enzyme with decreased target specificity.
E. Look for a unique target sequence in the Htt gene that lacks a PAM si
- ANSWER C. Make sure that no other sequences in the genome are
identical or too similar to the 20 bp sequence involved in base pairing
with the sgRNA.
22.As discussed in lecture, CRISPR/Cas9 system evolved in bacteria to provide
anti-viral immunity. Bacterial genome has the CRISPR locus that produces
short CRISPR RNAs, but it does not contain any PAM sites. However, the
bacteriophage genome sequence targeted by CRISPR does. How is this fact
crucial to keeping the bacterial genome intact and selectively destroying the
phage genome? (Select two that apply.)
