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BIOD 331 Exam 2 – Portage Learning Anatomy and
Physiology II Practice Test, Study Guide & Verified
2025 Exam Questions
Prepare for your BIOD 331 Exam 2 with this comprehensive Portage Learning Anatomy and
Physiology II study guide. Includes updated 2025 practice questions, detailed answer
explanations, and key topic reviews on cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous system
functions. The best BIOD 331 Exam 2 prep resource to help you master challenging A&P
concepts and boost your exam performance.
BIOD 331 Exam 2,
Portage Learning BIOD 331,
BIOD 331 Anatomy and Physiology II,
BIOD 331 Exam 2 answers,
In what ways can cancer cells rapidly divide without growth factors? - ANSWER-1. Divide w/o binding of
growth factor to receptors
2. Produce own growth factors
3. Abnormal receptors or signaling proteins
___________ the cessation of growth after cells reach a certain density, is often lost in cancer cells -
ANSWER-Cell density-dependent inhibition
In cancer cells, _____ _______ ________ ________are lost, meaning cells do not stick together. This, in
turn, permits the surface cells of the tumor to shed into the surrounding body fluids or secretions. -
ANSWER-Cell cohesiveness and adhesion
,2|Page
Cancer cells, can remain viable and multiply without normal attachments to other cells or the
extracellular matrix. this is an example of: - ANSWER-Anchorage dependence
In cancer cells, this interferes with intercellular connections and the responsiveness to membrane-
derived signals. This refers to: - ANSWER-Cell-to-cell communication
Cancer cells tend to divide an infinite number of times, thereby achieving immortality. This refers to: -
ANSWER-Unlimited life span
While telomeres, the protective 'end-caps' on chromosomes, typically shorten with each cell division,
most cancer cells keep high levels of _________, an enzyme that prevents telomere shortening -
ANSWER-Telomerase
Cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or antigens that are immunologically different from its
normal tissue counterpart. This refers to: - ANSWER-Antigen expression
Cancer cells often revert to ______ patterns of gene expression and therefore produce antigens far
different from the cells of the original tissue - ANSWER-embryonic
Cancer cells can produce 3 things which promote metastasis - ANSWER-1. Enzymes
2. Hormones
3. Other substances
The word cancer is latin for - ANSWER-Crablike
_________ of cancer cells describes the process of how shed tumor cells enter circulation and move into
similar or different body cavities - ANSWER-Seeding
Name some morphological changes with anaplasia. - ANSWER-1. Cells and nuclei have variations in size
and shape (pleomorphism)
2. Chromatin is coarse and clumped
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3. Nucleoli contain abnormal amount of chromosomes
Rather than the tissue of origin, anaplastic cells resemble ______ - ANSWER-Undifferentiated or
embryonic cells
Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a well differentiated neoplasm be classified as? -
ANSWER-Grade I
The closer the tumor cells resemble comparable normal tissue cells, both morphologically and
functionally, the _______ the grade - ANSWER-Lower
Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a poorly differentiated neoplasm be classified as? -
ANSWER-Grade IV
The dysregulated nature of cancer often leads to a ______ frequency of genetic errors and therefore an
increase in its ________ _________ - ANSWER-High; genetic instability
______ refers to chromosomes lost or gained - ANSWER-aneuploidy
______ refers to insertions, deletions, and amplifications of chromosomes - ANSWER-intrachromosomal
instability
________ refers to short, repetitive sequences of DNA - ANSWER-Microsatellite instability
______ refers to specific, usually affecting only a single nucleotide - ANSWER-Point mutations
____________ describes how cancer cells can proliferate even in the absence of growth factors -
ANSWER-Growth factor independence
Where does seeding most often occur? - ANSWER-peritoneal cavity
BIOD 331 Exam 2 – Portage Learning Anatomy and
Physiology II Practice Test, Study Guide & Verified
2025 Exam Questions
Prepare for your BIOD 331 Exam 2 with this comprehensive Portage Learning Anatomy and
Physiology II study guide. Includes updated 2025 practice questions, detailed answer
explanations, and key topic reviews on cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous system
functions. The best BIOD 331 Exam 2 prep resource to help you master challenging A&P
concepts and boost your exam performance.
BIOD 331 Exam 2,
Portage Learning BIOD 331,
BIOD 331 Anatomy and Physiology II,
BIOD 331 Exam 2 answers,
In what ways can cancer cells rapidly divide without growth factors? - ANSWER-1. Divide w/o binding of
growth factor to receptors
2. Produce own growth factors
3. Abnormal receptors or signaling proteins
___________ the cessation of growth after cells reach a certain density, is often lost in cancer cells -
ANSWER-Cell density-dependent inhibition
In cancer cells, _____ _______ ________ ________are lost, meaning cells do not stick together. This, in
turn, permits the surface cells of the tumor to shed into the surrounding body fluids or secretions. -
ANSWER-Cell cohesiveness and adhesion
,2|Page
Cancer cells, can remain viable and multiply without normal attachments to other cells or the
extracellular matrix. this is an example of: - ANSWER-Anchorage dependence
In cancer cells, this interferes with intercellular connections and the responsiveness to membrane-
derived signals. This refers to: - ANSWER-Cell-to-cell communication
Cancer cells tend to divide an infinite number of times, thereby achieving immortality. This refers to: -
ANSWER-Unlimited life span
While telomeres, the protective 'end-caps' on chromosomes, typically shorten with each cell division,
most cancer cells keep high levels of _________, an enzyme that prevents telomere shortening -
ANSWER-Telomerase
Cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or antigens that are immunologically different from its
normal tissue counterpart. This refers to: - ANSWER-Antigen expression
Cancer cells often revert to ______ patterns of gene expression and therefore produce antigens far
different from the cells of the original tissue - ANSWER-embryonic
Cancer cells can produce 3 things which promote metastasis - ANSWER-1. Enzymes
2. Hormones
3. Other substances
The word cancer is latin for - ANSWER-Crablike
_________ of cancer cells describes the process of how shed tumor cells enter circulation and move into
similar or different body cavities - ANSWER-Seeding
Name some morphological changes with anaplasia. - ANSWER-1. Cells and nuclei have variations in size
and shape (pleomorphism)
2. Chromatin is coarse and clumped
, 3|Page
3. Nucleoli contain abnormal amount of chromosomes
Rather than the tissue of origin, anaplastic cells resemble ______ - ANSWER-Undifferentiated or
embryonic cells
Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a well differentiated neoplasm be classified as? -
ANSWER-Grade I
The closer the tumor cells resemble comparable normal tissue cells, both morphologically and
functionally, the _______ the grade - ANSWER-Lower
Based on the neoplasm grading scale, what would a poorly differentiated neoplasm be classified as? -
ANSWER-Grade IV
The dysregulated nature of cancer often leads to a ______ frequency of genetic errors and therefore an
increase in its ________ _________ - ANSWER-High; genetic instability
______ refers to chromosomes lost or gained - ANSWER-aneuploidy
______ refers to insertions, deletions, and amplifications of chromosomes - ANSWER-intrachromosomal
instability
________ refers to short, repetitive sequences of DNA - ANSWER-Microsatellite instability
______ refers to specific, usually affecting only a single nucleotide - ANSWER-Point mutations
____________ describes how cancer cells can proliferate even in the absence of growth factors -
ANSWER-Growth factor independence
Where does seeding most often occur? - ANSWER-peritoneal cavity
