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NPRO 1100, EXAM 2 Questions and Correct
Answers
what does urine specific gravity (SG) measure and what are the
normal ranges Ans: measures concentration of solutes in urine
normal range: 1.005-1.030
what does BUN measure and what are the normal ranges Ans:
measures amount of urea in the bloodstream
normal range: 7-20 mg/dL
what is creatinine and what are the normal ranges Ans: indicator
of renal function
breakdown product of muscle metabolism
normal range: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
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what does hematocrit measure and what are the normal ranges
Ans: measures the percentage of RBC in whole blood volume
normal ranges: 40%-50% for males
35%-45% for females
sodium ranges Ans: 135-145 mEq/L
potassium ranges Ans: 3.5-5 mEq/L
calcium ranges Ans: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
magnesium ranges Ans: 1.5-2.3 mEq/L
O2 sat ranges Ans: 95-100%
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hyponatremia Ans:
causes: GI fluid loss, hypotonic IV fluid, heart failure, diuretic use
signs and symptoms: dizziness, confusion, weakness, nausea,
vomiting
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypernatremia Ans:
causes: dehydration, heatstroke, diabetes insipidus
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signs and symptoms: thirst, dry/sticky mucous membranes,
irritability, hallucinations, restlessness
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypokalemia Ans:
causes: GI fluid loss, bulimia, metabolic acidosis
signs and symptoms: irregular/weak pulse, EKG changes, muscle
weakness, decreased bowel motility
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hyperkalemia Ans:
causes: kidney injury, adrenal insufficiency, diabetic ketoacidosis
signs and symptoms: bradycardia, flaccid paralysis, irritability
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypocalemia Ans:
causes: hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, malabsorption
signs and symptoms: numbness, tingling of extremities, positive
trousseau and chvostek signs
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what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypercalcemia Ans:
causes: hypoparathyroidism, malignant bone disease, prolonged
immobilization
signs and symptoms: muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, stupor
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypomagnesemia
Ans: causes: alcoholism, malabsorption, chronic laxative use
signs and symptoms, neuromuscular excitement, muscle spasms,
confusion, insomnia
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypermagnesemia
Ans: causes: renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, hyperthyroidism
signs and symptoms: bradycardia, lethargy, diminished reflexes,
impaired swallowing
hypotonic solution Ans: "go out of the vessel and into the cell"
© 2025 All rights reserved
NPRO 1100, EXAM 2 Questions and Correct
Answers
what does urine specific gravity (SG) measure and what are the
normal ranges Ans: measures concentration of solutes in urine
normal range: 1.005-1.030
what does BUN measure and what are the normal ranges Ans:
measures amount of urea in the bloodstream
normal range: 7-20 mg/dL
what is creatinine and what are the normal ranges Ans: indicator
of renal function
breakdown product of muscle metabolism
normal range: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
what does hematocrit measure and what are the normal ranges
Ans: measures the percentage of RBC in whole blood volume
normal ranges: 40%-50% for males
35%-45% for females
sodium ranges Ans: 135-145 mEq/L
potassium ranges Ans: 3.5-5 mEq/L
calcium ranges Ans: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
magnesium ranges Ans: 1.5-2.3 mEq/L
O2 sat ranges Ans: 95-100%
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hyponatremia Ans:
causes: GI fluid loss, hypotonic IV fluid, heart failure, diuretic use
signs and symptoms: dizziness, confusion, weakness, nausea,
vomiting
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypernatremia Ans:
causes: dehydration, heatstroke, diabetes insipidus
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
signs and symptoms: thirst, dry/sticky mucous membranes,
irritability, hallucinations, restlessness
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypokalemia Ans:
causes: GI fluid loss, bulimia, metabolic acidosis
signs and symptoms: irregular/weak pulse, EKG changes, muscle
weakness, decreased bowel motility
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hyperkalemia Ans:
causes: kidney injury, adrenal insufficiency, diabetic ketoacidosis
signs and symptoms: bradycardia, flaccid paralysis, irritability
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypocalemia Ans:
causes: hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, malabsorption
signs and symptoms: numbness, tingling of extremities, positive
trousseau and chvostek signs
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 4 | Page
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypercalcemia Ans:
causes: hypoparathyroidism, malignant bone disease, prolonged
immobilization
signs and symptoms: muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, stupor
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypomagnesemia
Ans: causes: alcoholism, malabsorption, chronic laxative use
signs and symptoms, neuromuscular excitement, muscle spasms,
confusion, insomnia
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypermagnesemia
Ans: causes: renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, hyperthyroidism
signs and symptoms: bradycardia, lethargy, diminished reflexes,
impaired swallowing
hypotonic solution Ans: "go out of the vessel and into the cell"
© 2025 All rights reserved
