UTMB EXAM 2 ADVPATHO EXAM WITH ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
CORRECT ANSWERS ||\\||\\
Innate Immunity - correct answer✔✔Fast, non-specific, and has no memory
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Barriers (Skin, mucous membranes) and Inflammation
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Inflammation s/sx - correct answer✔✔Redness (rubor) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Swelling (tumor) ||\\||\\
Heat (calor) ||\\||\\
Pain (Dolor)
||\\||\\
Loss of Function
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Function of the Normal Microbiome - correct answer✔✔Digestion: Assisting in
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
breaking down complex carbohydrates and synthesizing vitamins (e.g., vitamin K
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and some B vitamins).
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Immune System Regulation: Helping to train and modulate the immune system,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
promoting tolerance to non-harmful antigens while enhancing responses to ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
pathogens.
Barrier Function: Competing with pathogens for space and resources, producing
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
antimicrobial substances, and maintaining mucosal integrity. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Metabolism: Influencing host metabolism and energy balance, including fat ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
storage and insulin sensitivity. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,Type I Hypersensitivity - correct answer✔✔Immediate allergic reactions
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
mediated by IgE antibodies. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Example diseases include allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Type II Hypersensitivity - correct answer✔✔Cytotoxic reactions where IgG or
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
IgM antibodies bind to cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Example diseases include hemolytic anemia and Graves' disease. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Type III Hypersensitivity - correct answer✔✔Immune complex-mediated
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
reactions where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, causing ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inflammation. ||\\||\\
Example diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
arthritis.
Type IV Hypersensitivity - correct answer✔✔Delayed-type hypersensitivity
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
mediated by T cells rather than antibodies. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Example diseases include contact dermatitis (like poison ivy) and tuberculin skin
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
test reactions.
||\\||\\
Clinical Manifestations of G6PD Deficiency - correct answer✔✔G6PD deficiency
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
can lead to hemolytic anemia under certain stressors.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Clinical manifestations include: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Fatigue and Weakness: Due to reduced red blood cells.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Jaundice: Increased bilirubin from hemolysis. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, Dark Urine: Due to hemoglobinuria.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Shortness of Breath: Resulting from anemia. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Role of Histamine in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct answer✔✔Histamine:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation, leading to redness and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
swelling.
Role of Leukotrienes in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔Leukotrienes: Cause bronchoconstriction, promote mucus production, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and enhance vascular permeability.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Role of Prostaglandins in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔Prostaglandins: Involved in inflammation, pain signaling, and ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
regulating vascular tone. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Role of Cytokines in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct answer✔✔Cytokines:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Mediate and regulate immune responses, promoting inflammation and attracting
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
immune cells.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Role of Chemotactic Factors in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔Chemotactic Factors: Attract leukocytes and neutrophils to the site of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inflammation.
||\\||\\
Relationship Between T-Cell Function and Interleukins - correct answer✔✔T- ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response, and interleukins are
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
key cytokines that mediate communication between T-cells and other immune
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cells.
CORRECT ANSWERS ||\\||\\
Innate Immunity - correct answer✔✔Fast, non-specific, and has no memory
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Barriers (Skin, mucous membranes) and Inflammation
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Inflammation s/sx - correct answer✔✔Redness (rubor) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Swelling (tumor) ||\\||\\
Heat (calor) ||\\||\\
Pain (Dolor)
||\\||\\
Loss of Function
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Function of the Normal Microbiome - correct answer✔✔Digestion: Assisting in
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
breaking down complex carbohydrates and synthesizing vitamins (e.g., vitamin K
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and some B vitamins).
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Immune System Regulation: Helping to train and modulate the immune system,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
promoting tolerance to non-harmful antigens while enhancing responses to ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
pathogens.
Barrier Function: Competing with pathogens for space and resources, producing
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
antimicrobial substances, and maintaining mucosal integrity. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Metabolism: Influencing host metabolism and energy balance, including fat ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
storage and insulin sensitivity. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,Type I Hypersensitivity - correct answer✔✔Immediate allergic reactions
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
mediated by IgE antibodies. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Example diseases include allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Type II Hypersensitivity - correct answer✔✔Cytotoxic reactions where IgG or
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
IgM antibodies bind to cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Example diseases include hemolytic anemia and Graves' disease. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Type III Hypersensitivity - correct answer✔✔Immune complex-mediated
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
reactions where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, causing ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inflammation. ||\\||\\
Example diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
arthritis.
Type IV Hypersensitivity - correct answer✔✔Delayed-type hypersensitivity
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
mediated by T cells rather than antibodies. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Example diseases include contact dermatitis (like poison ivy) and tuberculin skin
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
test reactions.
||\\||\\
Clinical Manifestations of G6PD Deficiency - correct answer✔✔G6PD deficiency
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
can lead to hemolytic anemia under certain stressors.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Clinical manifestations include: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Fatigue and Weakness: Due to reduced red blood cells.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Jaundice: Increased bilirubin from hemolysis. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, Dark Urine: Due to hemoglobinuria.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Shortness of Breath: Resulting from anemia. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Role of Histamine in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct answer✔✔Histamine:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation, leading to redness and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
swelling.
Role of Leukotrienes in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔Leukotrienes: Cause bronchoconstriction, promote mucus production, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and enhance vascular permeability.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Role of Prostaglandins in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔Prostaglandins: Involved in inflammation, pain signaling, and ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
regulating vascular tone. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Role of Cytokines in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct answer✔✔Cytokines:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Mediate and regulate immune responses, promoting inflammation and attracting
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
immune cells.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Role of Chemotactic Factors in Mast Cell Degranulation - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answer✔✔Chemotactic Factors: Attract leukocytes and neutrophils to the site of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inflammation.
||\\||\\
Relationship Between T-Cell Function and Interleukins - correct answer✔✔T- ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response, and interleukins are
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
key cytokines that mediate communication between T-cells and other immune
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cells.
