Evolutionary Development Biology – Lecture 1 – evolutionary
conservation of Hormones and enzymes
Diabetes
Type 1:
Juvenile onset (jeugd)
Hyposecretion (te weinig afgifte) of insulin
Insulin dependent
Type 2:
Late onset (adult)
Insensitive of cells to insulin
Manage by exercise & diet
Insulin and glycogen
Peptide hormones (made of AA):
Insulin: glucose glycogen
Glucagon: glycogen glucose
The peptide hormones are evolutionary highly conserved
among eukaryotes (has a cell nucleus)
Synthesis of peptide hormones
They are synthesized as prohormones (large precursor
proteins) (example proglucagon/ POMC precursor made in
pituitary gland)
Need to be processed to being bioactive:
1. Endo (cut in the middle) and exo (cut on the side) proteolysis
(cleave into small fragments)
2. Modifications (alfa-amination, acetylation, phosphorylation); they
can now interact with receptors
From same type of prohormones different hormones are formed (tissue-
specific) (prohormone is very versatile (veelzijdig))
Synthesis via ER Golgi
1. Regulated secretory pathway:
a. Proteins require a signal peptide
b. exocytosis via large-dense core vesicles
c. Regulated membrane fusion
2. Constitutive secretory pathway
a. Protein have no signal peptide
b. exocytosis via membrane fragments (endosomes)
c. Unregulated membrane fusion
Dysregulation of insulin and glycogen
Dysregulation leads to obesity
Neuropsychiatric diseases are often combined with obesity
Insulin processing: protein folding
Insulin contains 2 chains: A + B chain connected via sulfide bridges
How to make this?
conservation of Hormones and enzymes
Diabetes
Type 1:
Juvenile onset (jeugd)
Hyposecretion (te weinig afgifte) of insulin
Insulin dependent
Type 2:
Late onset (adult)
Insensitive of cells to insulin
Manage by exercise & diet
Insulin and glycogen
Peptide hormones (made of AA):
Insulin: glucose glycogen
Glucagon: glycogen glucose
The peptide hormones are evolutionary highly conserved
among eukaryotes (has a cell nucleus)
Synthesis of peptide hormones
They are synthesized as prohormones (large precursor
proteins) (example proglucagon/ POMC precursor made in
pituitary gland)
Need to be processed to being bioactive:
1. Endo (cut in the middle) and exo (cut on the side) proteolysis
(cleave into small fragments)
2. Modifications (alfa-amination, acetylation, phosphorylation); they
can now interact with receptors
From same type of prohormones different hormones are formed (tissue-
specific) (prohormone is very versatile (veelzijdig))
Synthesis via ER Golgi
1. Regulated secretory pathway:
a. Proteins require a signal peptide
b. exocytosis via large-dense core vesicles
c. Regulated membrane fusion
2. Constitutive secretory pathway
a. Protein have no signal peptide
b. exocytosis via membrane fragments (endosomes)
c. Unregulated membrane fusion
Dysregulation of insulin and glycogen
Dysregulation leads to obesity
Neuropsychiatric diseases are often combined with obesity
Insulin processing: protein folding
Insulin contains 2 chains: A + B chain connected via sulfide bridges
How to make this?
