Patho 2 final meds NUR 339 ISU Test
Questions and Actual Detailed
Answers 2025-2026 Edition.
cyclophosphamide and carmustine - Answer chemo med
alkylating agent
o Action = break down DNA helix strand and interfering with replication
o Use: blood related cancers, breast, ovarian, lung
o CCNS (nonspecific)
o AE: Hemorrhagic cystitis (bladder inflammation with bleeding, life threatening, bladder pain
and symptoms) and common AE (bone marrow suppression, N/V, alopecia, fatigue, anorexia)
oNI: : increase fluid intake is the best form of prevention for hemorrhagic cystitis
Carmustine = can cross blood brain barrier
fluorouracil (5-FU) - Answer chemo med
antimetabolites
o Action: work during DNA synthesis and RNA growth
o Use: leukemia, ovarian, certain breast cancers, GI
o CCS
oAE: common AE (bone marrow suppression, N/V, alopecia, fatigue, anorexia)
Methotrexate - Answer chemo med
Antimetabolite
o Action = Death of rapidly replicating cells (malignant ones) and immunosuppression
o Use: Treat certain types of cancer
o CCNS (nonspecific)
o AE: Arachnoiditis, anorexia, diarrhea, stomatitis common AE (bone marrow suppression, N/V,
,Antitumor antibiotics/Anthracyclines
Action: interfering with enzymes inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis (like an antibiotic)
o Use: Treat Hodgkin's lymphoma and other cancers
o CCNS
o AE: pulmonary toxicity, cardiotoxicity, tissue necrosis, and bone marrow toxicity
o Nursing implication: track lifetime dosages, red IV medication, and turn urine and body fluids
red orange color
vinblastine and paclitaxel - Answer chemo med
plant alkaloids
o Action: mitotic inhibitors, prevent mitosis/division, disrupt mitosis or block enzymes from
producing proteins needed for cell growth
o Use: solid tumors, lymphoma, and leukemia
o CCS
o AE: neuropathies (numbness, weakness, paralysis), constipation, common AE (bone marrow
suppression, N/V, alopecia, fatigue, anorexia)
o Nursing implication: hand push, nurse should stay with patient the whole time infusing,
allergic reactions common (need to promedicate with Benadryl)
paclitaxel: Taxanes = paclitaxel (Taxol) (often get allergic reactions)
Tamoxifen - Answer hormone therapy
o Action: increase or reduce the level of sex hormones in the body
o Use: targets estrogen to treat hormonal cancers (prostate, breast, ovarian, testicular)
o AE: nausea, hot flashes, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
o Ex: Anti-Estrogen = Tamoxifen
oNursing implications: watch for signs of stroke, pulmonary embolism, uterine bleeding, edema,
bone pain
Prednisone - Answer chemo med (in this case)
, - controls symptoms by effecting inflammatory and autoimmune response
- inhibits cell reproduction
-antiemetic effects
o Use: treat acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkins disease, lymphomas multiple myeloma
o AE: Retention of sodium (salt) and fluid, Weight gain, High blood pressure, Loss of potassium,
Headache, Muscle weakness, Nausea, Vomiting
oNursing implications: must taper drug, may need high doses
interferon - Answer Immunotherapy and Biologic response modifiers
Action: targets proteins over expressed in tumor, activate immune response to target and kill
cancer cells
§ Use: kidney, melanoma, bladder cancer
§ AE: flu like symptoms during treatment
***target therapy, nonspecific
epoetin alpha - Answer hematopoetic growth factors
given with chemo to stimulate bone marrow
Action: formulated erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production
· Use: treat anemia
· AE: hypertension, edmea, thromboembolism, increased tumor growth, diarrhea
· Nursing implication: given with iron supplements, do not use in patients with Hgb > 12, use
lowest possible dosage, must monitor Hgb levels
Heparin (& LMWH) - Answer anticoagulants
o Action: prevent thrombus formation
§ Fast onset and action
§ Want 60 sec PTT
Use: Prevent DVT, pulmonary embolism, or thrombophlebitis
o Stage of clotting effected: inactivates clotting factors IX,XI, XII (intrinsic pathway) and X
Questions and Actual Detailed
Answers 2025-2026 Edition.
cyclophosphamide and carmustine - Answer chemo med
alkylating agent
o Action = break down DNA helix strand and interfering with replication
o Use: blood related cancers, breast, ovarian, lung
o CCNS (nonspecific)
o AE: Hemorrhagic cystitis (bladder inflammation with bleeding, life threatening, bladder pain
and symptoms) and common AE (bone marrow suppression, N/V, alopecia, fatigue, anorexia)
oNI: : increase fluid intake is the best form of prevention for hemorrhagic cystitis
Carmustine = can cross blood brain barrier
fluorouracil (5-FU) - Answer chemo med
antimetabolites
o Action: work during DNA synthesis and RNA growth
o Use: leukemia, ovarian, certain breast cancers, GI
o CCS
oAE: common AE (bone marrow suppression, N/V, alopecia, fatigue, anorexia)
Methotrexate - Answer chemo med
Antimetabolite
o Action = Death of rapidly replicating cells (malignant ones) and immunosuppression
o Use: Treat certain types of cancer
o CCNS (nonspecific)
o AE: Arachnoiditis, anorexia, diarrhea, stomatitis common AE (bone marrow suppression, N/V,
,Antitumor antibiotics/Anthracyclines
Action: interfering with enzymes inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis (like an antibiotic)
o Use: Treat Hodgkin's lymphoma and other cancers
o CCNS
o AE: pulmonary toxicity, cardiotoxicity, tissue necrosis, and bone marrow toxicity
o Nursing implication: track lifetime dosages, red IV medication, and turn urine and body fluids
red orange color
vinblastine and paclitaxel - Answer chemo med
plant alkaloids
o Action: mitotic inhibitors, prevent mitosis/division, disrupt mitosis or block enzymes from
producing proteins needed for cell growth
o Use: solid tumors, lymphoma, and leukemia
o CCS
o AE: neuropathies (numbness, weakness, paralysis), constipation, common AE (bone marrow
suppression, N/V, alopecia, fatigue, anorexia)
o Nursing implication: hand push, nurse should stay with patient the whole time infusing,
allergic reactions common (need to promedicate with Benadryl)
paclitaxel: Taxanes = paclitaxel (Taxol) (often get allergic reactions)
Tamoxifen - Answer hormone therapy
o Action: increase or reduce the level of sex hormones in the body
o Use: targets estrogen to treat hormonal cancers (prostate, breast, ovarian, testicular)
o AE: nausea, hot flashes, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
o Ex: Anti-Estrogen = Tamoxifen
oNursing implications: watch for signs of stroke, pulmonary embolism, uterine bleeding, edema,
bone pain
Prednisone - Answer chemo med (in this case)
, - controls symptoms by effecting inflammatory and autoimmune response
- inhibits cell reproduction
-antiemetic effects
o Use: treat acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkins disease, lymphomas multiple myeloma
o AE: Retention of sodium (salt) and fluid, Weight gain, High blood pressure, Loss of potassium,
Headache, Muscle weakness, Nausea, Vomiting
oNursing implications: must taper drug, may need high doses
interferon - Answer Immunotherapy and Biologic response modifiers
Action: targets proteins over expressed in tumor, activate immune response to target and kill
cancer cells
§ Use: kidney, melanoma, bladder cancer
§ AE: flu like symptoms during treatment
***target therapy, nonspecific
epoetin alpha - Answer hematopoetic growth factors
given with chemo to stimulate bone marrow
Action: formulated erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production
· Use: treat anemia
· AE: hypertension, edmea, thromboembolism, increased tumor growth, diarrhea
· Nursing implication: given with iron supplements, do not use in patients with Hgb > 12, use
lowest possible dosage, must monitor Hgb levels
Heparin (& LMWH) - Answer anticoagulants
o Action: prevent thrombus formation
§ Fast onset and action
§ Want 60 sec PTT
Use: Prevent DVT, pulmonary embolism, or thrombophlebitis
o Stage of clotting effected: inactivates clotting factors IX,XI, XII (intrinsic pathway) and X
