2020
Samenvatting Fytopathologie
Shannon Roosenburg
HAS hogeschool
Blok 3 Jaar 2
,Inhoudsopgave
Hoorcollege 1: Inleiding en resistentie ................................................................................................... 5
Het belang van plantenziektenkunde ................................................................................................. 5
1. Voorkomen van opbrengstderving ............................................................................................. 5
2. Voorkomen van aantasting van landschap ................................................................................. 6
3. Bevorderen/beschermen van volks- en diergezondheid ............................................................ 7
Plantenziektendriehoek ...................................................................................................................... 7
Plantenziektenkunde .......................................................................................................................... 8
1. Abiotische veroorzakers.......................................................................................................... 8
2. Biotische veroorzakers ............................................................................................................ 8
Saprofyten (paddenstoelensoort) ................................................................................................... 9
Pathogenen ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Resistentie....................................................................................................................................... 9
Werking van verticale resistentie: ................................................................................................ 11
Resistentie, vatbaarheid, gevoeligheid en tolerantie ................................................................... 13
Hoorcollege 2: Protisten ....................................................................................................................... 15
Infectie- en levenscyclus van pathogenen ........................................................................................ 15
Kieming en adhesie: ...................................................................................................................... 15
Pathogeniteitsfactoren ................................................................................................................. 15
Binnendringen schimmels ............................................................................................................. 16
Levenscyclus schimmels................................................................................................................ 16
Belang kennis over levenscycli ...................................................................................................... 17
Levenscycli protisten en schimmels .............................................................................................. 17
Levenscycli van protisten .................................................................................................................. 18
Plasmodiophora brassicae (knolvoet) ........................................................................................... 19
Oömyceten: Phytophtora infestans (aardappelziekte)................................................................. 21
Hoorcollege 3: Quarantaine, bacteriën en virussen ............................................................................. 24
Quarantaine ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Herkomstlanden besmettingen .................................................................................................... 24
Quarantaine organismes (Q organismes) ..................................................................................... 24
Quarantaine organisme: NVWA.................................................................................................... 24
Maatregelen .................................................................................................................................. 25
Belangrijke bacterieziekten in de Nederlandse land- en tuinbouw.............................................. 25
Bacteriën ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Nuttige bacteriën: ......................................................................................................................... 26
Pathogene bacteriën ..................................................................................................................... 26
1
, Pathogeniteitsfactoren: celwandsplitsende enzymen.................................................................. 26
Bacteriën: binnendringen in plant ................................................................................................ 26
Algemene informatie bacteriën .................................................................................................... 26
Belangrijkste genera van plant pathogene bacteriën ................................................................... 27
Rhizobium radiobacter (oude naam: Agrobacterium tumefaciensis) ........................................... 27
Bruinrot (Ralstonia solanacearum) ............................................................................................... 28
Effect waardplanten...................................................................................................................... 28
Bacterievuur (Erwinia amylovora) ................................................................................................ 29
Bloedingsziekte (Pseudomonas syringae) ..................................................................................... 30
Bacteriële bladvlekkenziekte tomaat (Pseudomonas syingae, dezelfde ziekte) ........................... 30
Virussen............................................................................................................................................. 30
Tabaks mozaïek virus (TMV) ......................................................................................................... 30
Infectie door virus ......................................................................................................................... 31
Virussen: verspreiding in plant ..................................................................................................... 31
Verspreiding virussen.................................................................................................................... 32
Verspreiding virus door insect ...................................................................................................... 32
Monddelen stekende insect (bladluis) .......................................................................................... 32
Virus bestrijding ............................................................................................................................ 34
Voorbeelden van virusziekten: ..................................................................................................... 35
Hoorcollege 4: Insecten ........................................................................................................................ 36
Plaag – waardplant relatie ................................................................................................................ 36
Nuttige insecten ............................................................................................................................ 36
Insect – plant relaties .................................................................................................................... 36
Afweermechanismen tegen insecten ........................................................................................... 37
Belangrijke insect orden ................................................................................................................... 39
1. Thysanoptera (tripsen).................................................................................................................. 39
De levenscyclus van de Thysanoptere gaat als volgt: ................................................................... 40
2. Hemiptera (cicaden, bladluizen) ................................................................................................... 40
Levenscyclus van een bladluis: ..................................................................................................... 41
Waarom zijn er zoveel bladluizen? ............................................................................................... 42
Sojaboon bladluis: tweehuizig ...................................................................................................... 43
Schade bladluizen: ........................................................................................................................ 43
Orde: Homoptera (luizensoorten, zie ook practicum) .................................................................. 45
Orde: Homoptera (witte vlieg) ...................................................................................................... 45
3. Coleoptera (Bedekt- of schildvleugeligen) .................................................................................... 46
Carnivoren (lieveheersbeestjes) ................................................................................................... 46
2
, Herbivoren .................................................................................................................................... 46
Rozenkever.................................................................................................................................... 47
Taxuskever .................................................................................................................................... 47
4. Diptera (twee vleugeligen)............................................................................................................ 48
Mineervlieg ................................................................................................................................... 48
Tomatenmineermot ...................................................................................................................... 48
Monddelen Diptera ....................................................................................................................... 48
5. Lepidoptera (schubvleugeligen).................................................................................................... 49
Monddelen Lepidoptera ............................................................................................................... 49
Kastanjemineermot ...................................................................................................................... 49
Monddelen sprinkhaan (practicum) ................................................................................................. 50
Hoorcollege 5: Vruchtwisseling, Aaltjes en Onkruiden......................................................................... 51
Bodemleven en vruchtwisseling ....................................................................................................... 51
Bodem-voedselweb ...................................................................................................................... 51
Vruchtwisseling en bouwplan ....................................................................................................... 51
Aaltjes ............................................................................................................................................... 53
Nuttige aaltjes ............................................................................................................................... 53
Kenmerken van plantparasitaire aaltjes ....................................................................................... 54
Aardappelmoeheid ....................................................................................................................... 58
Identificatie van aaltjes ................................................................................................................ 59
Schade door aaltjes aantasting ..................................................................................................... 59
Onkruiden ......................................................................................................................................... 60
Concurrentie ................................................................................................................................. 60
Giftig .............................................................................................................................................. 60
Gastheer ziekten en plagen .......................................................................................................... 61
Parasitaire onkruiden .................................................................................................................... 61
Belemmering oogst ....................................................................................................................... 61
Onkruidbeheersing ....................................................................................................................... 61
Hoorcollege 6: Gewasbescherming ...................................................................................................... 62
Schadedrempel/bestrijdingsdrempel ............................................................................................... 62
Noodzaak bestrijding schadedrempels ......................................................................................... 62
Aanwezigheid bestrijders .............................................................................................................. 62
Wanneer ingrijpen: monitoren! .................................................................................................... 63
Chemische bestrijding ....................................................................................................................... 64
DDT................................................................................................................................................ 64
Resistentie tegen chemische middelen ........................................................................................ 64
3
Samenvatting Fytopathologie
Shannon Roosenburg
HAS hogeschool
Blok 3 Jaar 2
,Inhoudsopgave
Hoorcollege 1: Inleiding en resistentie ................................................................................................... 5
Het belang van plantenziektenkunde ................................................................................................. 5
1. Voorkomen van opbrengstderving ............................................................................................. 5
2. Voorkomen van aantasting van landschap ................................................................................. 6
3. Bevorderen/beschermen van volks- en diergezondheid ............................................................ 7
Plantenziektendriehoek ...................................................................................................................... 7
Plantenziektenkunde .......................................................................................................................... 8
1. Abiotische veroorzakers.......................................................................................................... 8
2. Biotische veroorzakers ............................................................................................................ 8
Saprofyten (paddenstoelensoort) ................................................................................................... 9
Pathogenen ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Resistentie....................................................................................................................................... 9
Werking van verticale resistentie: ................................................................................................ 11
Resistentie, vatbaarheid, gevoeligheid en tolerantie ................................................................... 13
Hoorcollege 2: Protisten ....................................................................................................................... 15
Infectie- en levenscyclus van pathogenen ........................................................................................ 15
Kieming en adhesie: ...................................................................................................................... 15
Pathogeniteitsfactoren ................................................................................................................. 15
Binnendringen schimmels ............................................................................................................. 16
Levenscyclus schimmels................................................................................................................ 16
Belang kennis over levenscycli ...................................................................................................... 17
Levenscycli protisten en schimmels .............................................................................................. 17
Levenscycli van protisten .................................................................................................................. 18
Plasmodiophora brassicae (knolvoet) ........................................................................................... 19
Oömyceten: Phytophtora infestans (aardappelziekte)................................................................. 21
Hoorcollege 3: Quarantaine, bacteriën en virussen ............................................................................. 24
Quarantaine ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Herkomstlanden besmettingen .................................................................................................... 24
Quarantaine organismes (Q organismes) ..................................................................................... 24
Quarantaine organisme: NVWA.................................................................................................... 24
Maatregelen .................................................................................................................................. 25
Belangrijke bacterieziekten in de Nederlandse land- en tuinbouw.............................................. 25
Bacteriën ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Nuttige bacteriën: ......................................................................................................................... 26
Pathogene bacteriën ..................................................................................................................... 26
1
, Pathogeniteitsfactoren: celwandsplitsende enzymen.................................................................. 26
Bacteriën: binnendringen in plant ................................................................................................ 26
Algemene informatie bacteriën .................................................................................................... 26
Belangrijkste genera van plant pathogene bacteriën ................................................................... 27
Rhizobium radiobacter (oude naam: Agrobacterium tumefaciensis) ........................................... 27
Bruinrot (Ralstonia solanacearum) ............................................................................................... 28
Effect waardplanten...................................................................................................................... 28
Bacterievuur (Erwinia amylovora) ................................................................................................ 29
Bloedingsziekte (Pseudomonas syringae) ..................................................................................... 30
Bacteriële bladvlekkenziekte tomaat (Pseudomonas syingae, dezelfde ziekte) ........................... 30
Virussen............................................................................................................................................. 30
Tabaks mozaïek virus (TMV) ......................................................................................................... 30
Infectie door virus ......................................................................................................................... 31
Virussen: verspreiding in plant ..................................................................................................... 31
Verspreiding virussen.................................................................................................................... 32
Verspreiding virus door insect ...................................................................................................... 32
Monddelen stekende insect (bladluis) .......................................................................................... 32
Virus bestrijding ............................................................................................................................ 34
Voorbeelden van virusziekten: ..................................................................................................... 35
Hoorcollege 4: Insecten ........................................................................................................................ 36
Plaag – waardplant relatie ................................................................................................................ 36
Nuttige insecten ............................................................................................................................ 36
Insect – plant relaties .................................................................................................................... 36
Afweermechanismen tegen insecten ........................................................................................... 37
Belangrijke insect orden ................................................................................................................... 39
1. Thysanoptera (tripsen).................................................................................................................. 39
De levenscyclus van de Thysanoptere gaat als volgt: ................................................................... 40
2. Hemiptera (cicaden, bladluizen) ................................................................................................... 40
Levenscyclus van een bladluis: ..................................................................................................... 41
Waarom zijn er zoveel bladluizen? ............................................................................................... 42
Sojaboon bladluis: tweehuizig ...................................................................................................... 43
Schade bladluizen: ........................................................................................................................ 43
Orde: Homoptera (luizensoorten, zie ook practicum) .................................................................. 45
Orde: Homoptera (witte vlieg) ...................................................................................................... 45
3. Coleoptera (Bedekt- of schildvleugeligen) .................................................................................... 46
Carnivoren (lieveheersbeestjes) ................................................................................................... 46
2
, Herbivoren .................................................................................................................................... 46
Rozenkever.................................................................................................................................... 47
Taxuskever .................................................................................................................................... 47
4. Diptera (twee vleugeligen)............................................................................................................ 48
Mineervlieg ................................................................................................................................... 48
Tomatenmineermot ...................................................................................................................... 48
Monddelen Diptera ....................................................................................................................... 48
5. Lepidoptera (schubvleugeligen).................................................................................................... 49
Monddelen Lepidoptera ............................................................................................................... 49
Kastanjemineermot ...................................................................................................................... 49
Monddelen sprinkhaan (practicum) ................................................................................................. 50
Hoorcollege 5: Vruchtwisseling, Aaltjes en Onkruiden......................................................................... 51
Bodemleven en vruchtwisseling ....................................................................................................... 51
Bodem-voedselweb ...................................................................................................................... 51
Vruchtwisseling en bouwplan ....................................................................................................... 51
Aaltjes ............................................................................................................................................... 53
Nuttige aaltjes ............................................................................................................................... 53
Kenmerken van plantparasitaire aaltjes ....................................................................................... 54
Aardappelmoeheid ....................................................................................................................... 58
Identificatie van aaltjes ................................................................................................................ 59
Schade door aaltjes aantasting ..................................................................................................... 59
Onkruiden ......................................................................................................................................... 60
Concurrentie ................................................................................................................................. 60
Giftig .............................................................................................................................................. 60
Gastheer ziekten en plagen .......................................................................................................... 61
Parasitaire onkruiden .................................................................................................................... 61
Belemmering oogst ....................................................................................................................... 61
Onkruidbeheersing ....................................................................................................................... 61
Hoorcollege 6: Gewasbescherming ...................................................................................................... 62
Schadedrempel/bestrijdingsdrempel ............................................................................................... 62
Noodzaak bestrijding schadedrempels ......................................................................................... 62
Aanwezigheid bestrijders .............................................................................................................. 62
Wanneer ingrijpen: monitoren! .................................................................................................... 63
Chemische bestrijding ....................................................................................................................... 64
DDT................................................................................................................................................ 64
Resistentie tegen chemische middelen ........................................................................................ 64
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