NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Walden University Midterm Exam (2025/2026) |
Actual Exam + Practice Test Bank | 120 Questions
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when chronic ischemia leads to decreased mitochondria
and reduced metabolic activity?
A. Atrophy ✔
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
2. Which event is the primary trigger for apoptosis rather than necrosis?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Caspase activation ✔
C. Plasma membrane rupture
D. Inflammatory cell infiltration
3. A mutation results in uncontrolled cell division. Which gene type is most likely affected?
A. Tumor suppressor gene
B. Proto-oncogene ✔
C. Repressor gene
D. Mitochondrial gene
4. Free radicals cause cell injury primarily by damaging:
A. Ribosomes
B. Lysosomes
C. Lipid membranes ✔
D. Cytoskeleton
5. A patient with high genetic penetrance for an autosomal-dominant disorder will most likely:
A. Not show symptoms
B. Express the phenotype consistently ✔
C. Require two alleles for expression
D. Have variable onset only
,6. Mitochondrial disorders are transmitted through:
A. Maternal inheritance ✔
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked
D. Sporadic mutation
7. Which cellular change is most characteristic of reversible injury?
A. Cellular swelling ✔
B. Lysosome rupture
C. Nuclear fragmentation
D. Mitochondrial membrane collapse
8. Which mutation type results in a premature stop codon?
A. Missense
B. Nonsense ✔
C. Silent
D. Frameshift
9. Which factor increases epigenetic methylation and decreases gene expression?
A. Histone acetylation
B. DNA methylation ✔
C. Telomerase activation
D. RNA silencing
10. Hypoxia reduces ATP primarily by impairing:
A. Glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation ✔
C. DNA synthesis
D. Lysosomal enzymes
11. A child has trisomy caused by nondisjunction. This error occurs during:
A. Meiosis ✔
B. Mitosis
C. Fertilization
D. Transcription
, 12. The endoplasmic reticulum stress response is triggered when:
A. Misfolded proteins accumulate ✔
B. Cytokines activate immune cells
C. Calcium increases in the cytosol
D. ATP becomes elevated
13. Which cellular adaptation increases risk for cancer?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia ✔
C. Hypertrophy
D. Atrophy
14. What mechanism drives ischemia-reperfusion injury?
A. Oxidative free radical burst ✔
B. Protein depletion
C. Glucose excess
D. Lysosomal leakage
15. Which is an example of epigenetic inheritance?
A. Mutated DNA code
B. Altered gene expression without DNA change ✔
C. Chromosomal deletion
D. Aneuploidy
Inflammation, Immunity & Infection (16–35)
16. Which cytokine is the primary mediator of acute inflammation and fever?
A. IL-2
B. IL-1 ✔
C. IL-4
D. IL-12
17. The complement membrane attack complex (MAC) creates:
A. Pores in pathogens ✔
B. Antibody neutralization
C. Opsonin proteins
D. T-cell activation
18. Which immune cell is most responsible for IgE-mediated allergic reactions?
Actual Exam + Practice Test Bank | 120 Questions
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when chronic ischemia leads to decreased mitochondria
and reduced metabolic activity?
A. Atrophy ✔
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
2. Which event is the primary trigger for apoptosis rather than necrosis?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Caspase activation ✔
C. Plasma membrane rupture
D. Inflammatory cell infiltration
3. A mutation results in uncontrolled cell division. Which gene type is most likely affected?
A. Tumor suppressor gene
B. Proto-oncogene ✔
C. Repressor gene
D. Mitochondrial gene
4. Free radicals cause cell injury primarily by damaging:
A. Ribosomes
B. Lysosomes
C. Lipid membranes ✔
D. Cytoskeleton
5. A patient with high genetic penetrance for an autosomal-dominant disorder will most likely:
A. Not show symptoms
B. Express the phenotype consistently ✔
C. Require two alleles for expression
D. Have variable onset only
,6. Mitochondrial disorders are transmitted through:
A. Maternal inheritance ✔
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked
D. Sporadic mutation
7. Which cellular change is most characteristic of reversible injury?
A. Cellular swelling ✔
B. Lysosome rupture
C. Nuclear fragmentation
D. Mitochondrial membrane collapse
8. Which mutation type results in a premature stop codon?
A. Missense
B. Nonsense ✔
C. Silent
D. Frameshift
9. Which factor increases epigenetic methylation and decreases gene expression?
A. Histone acetylation
B. DNA methylation ✔
C. Telomerase activation
D. RNA silencing
10. Hypoxia reduces ATP primarily by impairing:
A. Glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation ✔
C. DNA synthesis
D. Lysosomal enzymes
11. A child has trisomy caused by nondisjunction. This error occurs during:
A. Meiosis ✔
B. Mitosis
C. Fertilization
D. Transcription
, 12. The endoplasmic reticulum stress response is triggered when:
A. Misfolded proteins accumulate ✔
B. Cytokines activate immune cells
C. Calcium increases in the cytosol
D. ATP becomes elevated
13. Which cellular adaptation increases risk for cancer?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia ✔
C. Hypertrophy
D. Atrophy
14. What mechanism drives ischemia-reperfusion injury?
A. Oxidative free radical burst ✔
B. Protein depletion
C. Glucose excess
D. Lysosomal leakage
15. Which is an example of epigenetic inheritance?
A. Mutated DNA code
B. Altered gene expression without DNA change ✔
C. Chromosomal deletion
D. Aneuploidy
Inflammation, Immunity & Infection (16–35)
16. Which cytokine is the primary mediator of acute inflammation and fever?
A. IL-2
B. IL-1 ✔
C. IL-4
D. IL-12
17. The complement membrane attack complex (MAC) creates:
A. Pores in pathogens ✔
B. Antibody neutralization
C. Opsonin proteins
D. T-cell activation
18. Which immune cell is most responsible for IgE-mediated allergic reactions?
