BIO 400 - Exam 1 Questions and
Answers||A+ Solution guide (Verified)
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Lungs (Oxygen store) - Answer- 1. lungs = still a reservoir for O2
2, lung volume marine mammals ~ terrestrial mammals
3. highly effective gas exchange at sea surface before & after dive
muscle (Oxygen store) - Answer- 1. Myoglobin is a O2 transport molecule
2. Marine mammals 3-7x myoglobin than terrestrial mammals
Blood (Oxygen Store) - Answer- 1. Hemoglobin is an O2 transport molecule
2. Deep diving mammals have on average more hemoglobin
Diving Challenges - Answer- 1. Increasing pressure on gases with depth
2. Can not obtain oxygen underwater/ Low oxygen to vital organs (brain, heart)
3. Terrestrial appendages not efficient for swimming
How to maintain oxygen levels on dives? - Answer- 1. lungs = still a reservoir for O2
2. muscle = more myoglobin, is O2 transport molecule (redder = more myoglobin)
3. blood = more hemoglobin, is O2 transport molecule
Blood volume - Answer- longer dive durations associated with Higher percentage of
blood per total body mass
Rete Mirabilia - Answer- "wonderful maze" specialized arterial structures where an
incurrent artery gives rise to numerous branching and anatomizing vessels that will be
drained by a second (excurrent) artery (ex. glomeruli, temperature in sharks)
Diving Physiology - Answer- oxygen stores = lungs + muscle + blood
Mammalian Dive Response - Answer- bradycardia = heart rate slows
select ischemia = blood flow to vital organs
hypometabolism = lower O2 consumption rate
anaerobic metabolism after O2 stores depleted
Why does the Mammalian diver response occur? - Answer-
Aerobic dive limits (ADL) - Answer- on-board O2 stores subtracted by O2 consumption
Decompression sickness - Answer- A condition resulting from nitrogen trapped in the
body's tissues caused by coming up too quickly from a deep, prolonged dive. A
, symptom of decompression sickness is "the bends" or deep pain in the muscles and
joints. Can be fatal
Why don't marine mammals get the bends? - Answer- 1. Lung collapse reduces gas
exchange
2. Adaptations of diving behavior minimize effects of long dives
Diving adaptations - Answer- 1. increased oxygen stores
2. Reduced oxygen consumption
3. Streamlining and bouyancy
Challenges in diving - Answer- 1. Limited Oxygen
2. Increased pressure
3. Viscosity of water
Energetics of Osmoregulation - Answer- -The amount of energy differs based on
•How different the animal's osmolarity is from its surroundings
•How easily water and solutes move across the animal's surface
•The work required to pump solutes across the membrane
Energetics - Answer- Science that looks at energy and its transformation
Energetics Model - Answer-
Order Cetacean - Answer-
Sub-Order Pinnipedia - Answer- Literally "Fin-Footed"
Seals and sea lions
Very fatty milk to provide nutrients for blubber.
Order Sirenia - Answer- manatees and dugongs
Order - Answer-
Monophyletic - Answer- Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common
ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade.
Polyphyletic - Answer- pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different
ancestors
paraphyletic - Answer- Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor
and some, but not all, of its descendants.
homologous structures - Answer- Structures in different species that are similar
because of common ancestry.
Answers||A+ Solution guide (Verified)
Brand New!!
Lungs (Oxygen store) - Answer- 1. lungs = still a reservoir for O2
2, lung volume marine mammals ~ terrestrial mammals
3. highly effective gas exchange at sea surface before & after dive
muscle (Oxygen store) - Answer- 1. Myoglobin is a O2 transport molecule
2. Marine mammals 3-7x myoglobin than terrestrial mammals
Blood (Oxygen Store) - Answer- 1. Hemoglobin is an O2 transport molecule
2. Deep diving mammals have on average more hemoglobin
Diving Challenges - Answer- 1. Increasing pressure on gases with depth
2. Can not obtain oxygen underwater/ Low oxygen to vital organs (brain, heart)
3. Terrestrial appendages not efficient for swimming
How to maintain oxygen levels on dives? - Answer- 1. lungs = still a reservoir for O2
2. muscle = more myoglobin, is O2 transport molecule (redder = more myoglobin)
3. blood = more hemoglobin, is O2 transport molecule
Blood volume - Answer- longer dive durations associated with Higher percentage of
blood per total body mass
Rete Mirabilia - Answer- "wonderful maze" specialized arterial structures where an
incurrent artery gives rise to numerous branching and anatomizing vessels that will be
drained by a second (excurrent) artery (ex. glomeruli, temperature in sharks)
Diving Physiology - Answer- oxygen stores = lungs + muscle + blood
Mammalian Dive Response - Answer- bradycardia = heart rate slows
select ischemia = blood flow to vital organs
hypometabolism = lower O2 consumption rate
anaerobic metabolism after O2 stores depleted
Why does the Mammalian diver response occur? - Answer-
Aerobic dive limits (ADL) - Answer- on-board O2 stores subtracted by O2 consumption
Decompression sickness - Answer- A condition resulting from nitrogen trapped in the
body's tissues caused by coming up too quickly from a deep, prolonged dive. A
, symptom of decompression sickness is "the bends" or deep pain in the muscles and
joints. Can be fatal
Why don't marine mammals get the bends? - Answer- 1. Lung collapse reduces gas
exchange
2. Adaptations of diving behavior minimize effects of long dives
Diving adaptations - Answer- 1. increased oxygen stores
2. Reduced oxygen consumption
3. Streamlining and bouyancy
Challenges in diving - Answer- 1. Limited Oxygen
2. Increased pressure
3. Viscosity of water
Energetics of Osmoregulation - Answer- -The amount of energy differs based on
•How different the animal's osmolarity is from its surroundings
•How easily water and solutes move across the animal's surface
•The work required to pump solutes across the membrane
Energetics - Answer- Science that looks at energy and its transformation
Energetics Model - Answer-
Order Cetacean - Answer-
Sub-Order Pinnipedia - Answer- Literally "Fin-Footed"
Seals and sea lions
Very fatty milk to provide nutrients for blubber.
Order Sirenia - Answer- manatees and dugongs
Order - Answer-
Monophyletic - Answer- Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common
ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade.
Polyphyletic - Answer- pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different
ancestors
paraphyletic - Answer- Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor
and some, but not all, of its descendants.
homologous structures - Answer- Structures in different species that are similar
because of common ancestry.
