Molecular Biology Exam questions
and answers graded A+
gene - ANS✅✅DNA segment that codes for one polypeptide
chromosome - ANS✅✅condensed thread of DNA with proteins bound
genome - ANS✅✅all the genetic info in an organism
allele - ANS✅✅two forms of each gene that determine trait
*identical = homozygous
*non-identical = heterozygous
transcription - ANS✅✅RNA formed from DNA template
mRNA - ANS✅✅= messenger RNA
*intermediate between gene and polypeptide
translation - ANS✅✅proteins are synthesized from mRNA template
Process of Transcription - ANS✅✅1. Initiation = a) TATA binding protein -> bends DNA b) TFIIB
binds c) RNA polymerase binds with other TFs = transcription initiation complex
2. Elongation = a) TFs are released b) ATP used by RNA polymerase to add RNA nucleotides c)
preRNA grows 5' to 3' -> nucleotides added only to 3' end
3. Termination = a) polymerase II is triggered by string of Ts on DNA b) polymerase I is triggered by
termination factor binding to DNA c) polymerase detaches d) preRNA dissociated and DNA double
helix reforms
Parts of RNA - ANS✅✅RNA = polynucleotide by linking of ribonucleotides
Single stranded
Contains:
5 Carbon sugar = ribose
, Phosphate group
Nitrongenous base (A, C, G, U)
Has many types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
RNA polymerase - ANS✅✅= enzymes that make RNA primer using DNA template
Types:
I = most rRNA genes
II = protein-coding genes, miRNA
III = tRNA, 5S RNA gene
RNA processing - ANS✅✅= making RNA transcript into mature/ functional RNA
*eukaryotic cells only
pre mRNA - ANS✅✅capping, splicing, and addition of poly-A tail occurring during transcription
*Factors associate with polymerase II tail
Splicing - ANS✅✅= removal of introns and joining of eons
exons - ANS✅✅= parts of gene that contribute to mature mRNA
*expressed as proteins
introns - ANS✅✅= parts of gene that are NOT expressed but are spliced out
splicesome - ANS✅✅(protein complex) = recognizes splicing sites that span intron and exon
junction
*RNA is cut separating intron from exon
*Exons are joined
5' (guanosine) cap - ANS✅✅stability and ribosome recognition
and answers graded A+
gene - ANS✅✅DNA segment that codes for one polypeptide
chromosome - ANS✅✅condensed thread of DNA with proteins bound
genome - ANS✅✅all the genetic info in an organism
allele - ANS✅✅two forms of each gene that determine trait
*identical = homozygous
*non-identical = heterozygous
transcription - ANS✅✅RNA formed from DNA template
mRNA - ANS✅✅= messenger RNA
*intermediate between gene and polypeptide
translation - ANS✅✅proteins are synthesized from mRNA template
Process of Transcription - ANS✅✅1. Initiation = a) TATA binding protein -> bends DNA b) TFIIB
binds c) RNA polymerase binds with other TFs = transcription initiation complex
2. Elongation = a) TFs are released b) ATP used by RNA polymerase to add RNA nucleotides c)
preRNA grows 5' to 3' -> nucleotides added only to 3' end
3. Termination = a) polymerase II is triggered by string of Ts on DNA b) polymerase I is triggered by
termination factor binding to DNA c) polymerase detaches d) preRNA dissociated and DNA double
helix reforms
Parts of RNA - ANS✅✅RNA = polynucleotide by linking of ribonucleotides
Single stranded
Contains:
5 Carbon sugar = ribose
, Phosphate group
Nitrongenous base (A, C, G, U)
Has many types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
RNA polymerase - ANS✅✅= enzymes that make RNA primer using DNA template
Types:
I = most rRNA genes
II = protein-coding genes, miRNA
III = tRNA, 5S RNA gene
RNA processing - ANS✅✅= making RNA transcript into mature/ functional RNA
*eukaryotic cells only
pre mRNA - ANS✅✅capping, splicing, and addition of poly-A tail occurring during transcription
*Factors associate with polymerase II tail
Splicing - ANS✅✅= removal of introns and joining of eons
exons - ANS✅✅= parts of gene that contribute to mature mRNA
*expressed as proteins
introns - ANS✅✅= parts of gene that are NOT expressed but are spliced out
splicesome - ANS✅✅(protein complex) = recognizes splicing sites that span intron and exon
junction
*RNA is cut separating intron from exon
*Exons are joined
5' (guanosine) cap - ANS✅✅stability and ribosome recognition
