Pil C Exam Questions And Answers Latest Update

PIL C EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE Define anaesthesia. - Answers Anaesthesia is the state of controllable, reversible insensibility in which sensory perception and motor responses are both markedly depressed. 3 types of anaesthesia. - Answers 1. General 2. Regional 3. Local In what conditions may anaesthesia not be applied? - Answers 1. Frustrates aim of experimental procedure. 2. Anaesthesia is more traumatic than procedure itself 3. Procedure only produces momentary, transitory pain. What is the difference between PILB and C with regards to anaesthesia? - Answers B = Minor/minimally invasive procedures involving sedation, analgesia or brief general anaesthesia and surgical procedures conducted under brief non-recovery general anaesthesia. C = Surgical procedures involving general anaesthesia and administration and maintenance of balanced or prolonged general anaesthesia. What are project licence protocol codes for: - no anaesthesia - local anaesthesia - regional anaesthesia - general anaesthesia - non recovery anaesthesia - general anaesthesia with NMBs - Answers AA AB(G) AB(L) AB(R) AC AD 3 positive effects of analgesia - Answers 1. produces humane restraint (prevents movement) 2. analgesia (eliminates pain) 3. relaxes skeletal muscles All anaesthetic agents are... - Answers toxic What are 6 side effects of anaesthetics? - Answers 1. reduced respiratory rate (hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis) 2. reduced heart rate and blood pressure (cardiac output) 3. reduced thermo-regulatory mechanisms (hypothermia) 4. abolition of some reflexes (coughing, swallowing, blinking) 5. effects on science (immune function, enzyme rates) 6. biotransformation - many anaesthetics are metabolised by liver/kidneys What are the 4 steps of preparation required before anaesthetising an animal? - Answers 1. Pre anaesthetic care and preparation 2. Choice of anaesthetic regime 3. Care under anaesthetic during the procedure 4. Post operative care 6 things to do one week before the procedure. - Answers 1. Animal - source, basic health check 2. Instruments - check and sterilise 3. Disposables - check drug dates, gowns, gloves, swabs, drapes and suture materials 4. Equipment - check apparatus and *sufficient oxygen* available 5. Facilities - book surgey room 6. Staff - check if staff are available What is required for animals that are being imported from elsewhere before surgery? - Answers Acclimatisation How long is acclimatisation? - Answers 7-14d 5 things to do 1h before surgery. - Answers 1. Animal - final health check 2. Premedication - analgesia 3. Disposables - assemble drugs etc 4. Instruments - assemble packs of instruments 5. Equipment What pieces of equipment must be checked before surgery? - Answers 1. Turn on heat mats 2. Heat recovery cage 3. Fill anaesthetic vaporiser 4. Check oxygen cylinders/check the oxygen generator What health checks should be performed before surgey? - Answers 1. Adequacy of respiratory and cardiovascular function 2. Intercurrent disease 3. Normal food/water intake What must be measured in an animal before surgery and why? - Answers Weight - to estimate dosages Why may fasting be required before surgery? - Answers Reduces chances of vomiting - animals lose cough reflex increasing likelihood of inhaling vomit, which may lead to choking or inhalation pneumonia. For how long should animals be starved before anaesthesia? - Answers Food: Overnight, 8-12 or 12-16h Water: 3-4h Which species should be starved before anaesthesia? - Answers Monogastrics (vomit readily) - dogs, cats, pigs, ferrets, primates Ruminants - cows, sheep, goat, llama Fish, amphibians Which species should NOT be starved before anaesthesia? - Answers - Rodents (dont vomit) - Small animals (inc small birds less than 1kg) Why is fasting harmful to small animals? - Answers High metabolism so depletes glycogen reserves and development of HYPERGLYCAEMIA - not worth benefit of fasting Why is premedication used pre anaesthesia? - Answers Provides a more comfortable and safer anaesthesia. - Animals easier to handle - Allays fear and anxiety - Reduce amount of anaesthetic required to induce anaesthesia Which categories of drugs are used for premedication? - Answers 1. Sedatives 2. Tranquilizers 3. Analgesics 4. Anticholinergics Why is it good to use as little anaesthesia drug as possible? - Answers better maintenance of blood pressure and respiration and easier recovery Why are premedications that reduce salivary secretions important? - Answers Reduce risk of airway blockage In which species are sedatives/tranquilizers used? - Answers Routinely in large animals, rarely in rodents What is the difference between sedatives and tranquilizers? - Answers Sedatives = drowsiness and sluggish arousal Tranquilizer = some drowsiness/ relaxation but rapid arousal What are 4 advantages of sedatives/tranquilizers? - Answers • Reduce fear and apprehension - improve handling • May improve analgesia by removing fear • Smooth induction and recovery from anaesthesia • Reduce total amount of anaesthetic required What are 4 classes of sedatives/tranquilizers? - Answers 1. Phenothiazine tranquilizers 2. Alpha 2 agonists 3. Benzodiazepines 4. Butyrophenones Give one example of a phenothiazine tranquilizer. - Answers Acepromazine (ACP) Give 2 examples of alpha 2 agonists. - Answers 1. Xylazine 2. Medetomidine Give 2 examples of benzodiazepines. - Answers 1. Midazolam 2. Diazepam Give 2 examples of butyrophenones. - Answers 1. Azaperone (stresnil)