NURS 328 Midterm Exam – Accurate Solutions For
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Terms in this set (165)
*vulnerable to alteration in fluid and electrolyte balance
because:
-higher portion of water content and greater body
surface area
-inability to shiver or sweat to control body temp
What are the pediatric
(newborn population)
physiologic differences?
-greater proportion of fluid, NA+, and CL- in the ECF in
infancy
-higher metabolic rate due to immature kidneys which
cannot concentrate their units which can preserve fluids
-immature kidneys and GFR
-greater insensible water loss
normally kidneys will go to work and hold onto more
What happens when the
water --> but for pediatric patients, kidneys will NOT go
body doesn't receive
to work and not able to compensate causing fluid and
enough water? (Peds)
electrolyte imbalance
-the younger child (infants), the more total body fluids
comprise ECF
-this makes the infant and younger child more
Fluid Compartments of the
susceptible to fluid and electrolytes disturbances
younger child?
ex. Infants 75%-80% ICF (35% of body weight), ECF
(40% of body weight)
-serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine
-Hgb and Hct
Assessment: What labs are
-blood gas (arterial, venous, or capillary)
we looking for to assess
-urine specific gravity
our patients w/ F&E?
-serum osmolarity
-total protein/albumin
, Sodium (NA): Newborn 131-144; Infant-Child 132-141
What are the normal ranges
Calcium (CA): Newborn 8.5-10.6; Infant-Child 8.7-10.7
for F&E: Newborns &
Potassium (K+): Newborn 3.2-5; Infant-Child 3.3-4.7
Infants?
Magnesium (Mg): Newborn 1.3-2.7; Infant-Child 1.6-2.7
-infants have a higher glucose because of their Basal
Metabolic Rate
-infant/child calories are needed for growth and
metabolism
Glucose: Infants/Newborn-
-adequate glucose stores
Child?
-if infant is stressed will utilize glucose stores and can
become hypoglycemic
-during stress infants/children can also become
hyperglycemic (can treat faster!!)
What can be treated faster Hyperglycemic can be treated faster
for children, hyperglycemia
or hypoglcyemia?
When stressed, could Both!
infants be hyperglycemic think about snacks in between when participating in
or hypoglycmic? activites
-common pediatric fluid disturbance
-fluid output > fluid intake
Dehydration: -often result of vomiting and/or diarrhea
Infants/Newborn-Child?
-Early dehydration: losses from ECF
-Later dehydration: increased loss from cells
Reduced fluid intake or fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea,
fever, hyperventilation, burns, trauma/shock,
What is the cause of ECF
hemorrhage, diabetes) ---> ECF loss which leads to
loss and ICF loss?
imbalance in electrolytes which leads to loss of ICF -->
cellular dysfunction --> hypovolemic shock --> death
Body Weight/Amounts of Fluids per day:
Daily Maintenance Fluid
1-10 kg; 100 ml/kg
Requirements Math?
11-20 kg; 1000 ml plus 50 ml/kg for each kg >10 kg
>20 kg; 1500 ml plus 20 ml/kg for each kg >20 kg
, 1-10 kg; 100 ml/kg:
A child weighs 7.4 kg = 7.4 kg x 100 = 740 mL
740 mL/24 hrs = 30.8 mL/hr
11-20 kg; 1000 ml plus 50 ml/kg
100 mL per kg of weight for the first 10 kg + 50 mL/kg for
the next 10 kg = #mL for 24 hrs
Examples Daily
A child weighs 16 kg
Maintenance Fluid
first 10 kg x 100 = 1000 plus 6 x 50 = 300 = 1300/24 = 54
Requirements?
mL/hour
>20 kg
100 mL per kg of weight for the first 10 kg + 50 mL/kg for
the next 10 kg = #mL for 24 hrs
A child weighs 30 kg
first 10 kg x 100 = 1000 plus 3 x 50 = 150 = 1150/24
What are the 3 types of Isotonic (Isonatremic) Dehydration
dehydration: No water, no Hypotonic (Hyponatremic) Dehydration
salt, or both? Hypertonic (Hypernatremic) Dehydration
**MOST COMMON!
-BOTH water and electrolyte are lost in the same
What is Isotonic
proportion as they exist in the body
(Isonatremic) Dehydration?
-Plasma NA (serum sodium concentration) remains
normal
What is Hypotonic -NO salt!! electrolyte loss is greater than the fluid loss
(Hyponatremic) -NA is < 130 meq/L
Dehydration? -Shock, seizures for frequent result
-NO WATER - water loss is greater than the electrolyte
loss
What is Hypertonic
-MOST DANGEROUS & REQUIRES SPECIFIC FLUID
(Hypernatremic)
THERAPY!
Dehydration?
-NA is > 150
-Seizures, neurologic damage
Which dehydration is the Hypertonic (Hypernatremic)! causes seizures & neuro
most dangerous? damage
What are interventions for Pedialyte & breast milk!!
an infant who is
mildly/moderate
dehydrated?
Every Question
Save
Terms in this set (165)
*vulnerable to alteration in fluid and electrolyte balance
because:
-higher portion of water content and greater body
surface area
-inability to shiver or sweat to control body temp
What are the pediatric
(newborn population)
physiologic differences?
-greater proportion of fluid, NA+, and CL- in the ECF in
infancy
-higher metabolic rate due to immature kidneys which
cannot concentrate their units which can preserve fluids
-immature kidneys and GFR
-greater insensible water loss
normally kidneys will go to work and hold onto more
What happens when the
water --> but for pediatric patients, kidneys will NOT go
body doesn't receive
to work and not able to compensate causing fluid and
enough water? (Peds)
electrolyte imbalance
-the younger child (infants), the more total body fluids
comprise ECF
-this makes the infant and younger child more
Fluid Compartments of the
susceptible to fluid and electrolytes disturbances
younger child?
ex. Infants 75%-80% ICF (35% of body weight), ECF
(40% of body weight)
-serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine
-Hgb and Hct
Assessment: What labs are
-blood gas (arterial, venous, or capillary)
we looking for to assess
-urine specific gravity
our patients w/ F&E?
-serum osmolarity
-total protein/albumin
, Sodium (NA): Newborn 131-144; Infant-Child 132-141
What are the normal ranges
Calcium (CA): Newborn 8.5-10.6; Infant-Child 8.7-10.7
for F&E: Newborns &
Potassium (K+): Newborn 3.2-5; Infant-Child 3.3-4.7
Infants?
Magnesium (Mg): Newborn 1.3-2.7; Infant-Child 1.6-2.7
-infants have a higher glucose because of their Basal
Metabolic Rate
-infant/child calories are needed for growth and
metabolism
Glucose: Infants/Newborn-
-adequate glucose stores
Child?
-if infant is stressed will utilize glucose stores and can
become hypoglycemic
-during stress infants/children can also become
hyperglycemic (can treat faster!!)
What can be treated faster Hyperglycemic can be treated faster
for children, hyperglycemia
or hypoglcyemia?
When stressed, could Both!
infants be hyperglycemic think about snacks in between when participating in
or hypoglycmic? activites
-common pediatric fluid disturbance
-fluid output > fluid intake
Dehydration: -often result of vomiting and/or diarrhea
Infants/Newborn-Child?
-Early dehydration: losses from ECF
-Later dehydration: increased loss from cells
Reduced fluid intake or fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea,
fever, hyperventilation, burns, trauma/shock,
What is the cause of ECF
hemorrhage, diabetes) ---> ECF loss which leads to
loss and ICF loss?
imbalance in electrolytes which leads to loss of ICF -->
cellular dysfunction --> hypovolemic shock --> death
Body Weight/Amounts of Fluids per day:
Daily Maintenance Fluid
1-10 kg; 100 ml/kg
Requirements Math?
11-20 kg; 1000 ml plus 50 ml/kg for each kg >10 kg
>20 kg; 1500 ml plus 20 ml/kg for each kg >20 kg
, 1-10 kg; 100 ml/kg:
A child weighs 7.4 kg = 7.4 kg x 100 = 740 mL
740 mL/24 hrs = 30.8 mL/hr
11-20 kg; 1000 ml plus 50 ml/kg
100 mL per kg of weight for the first 10 kg + 50 mL/kg for
the next 10 kg = #mL for 24 hrs
Examples Daily
A child weighs 16 kg
Maintenance Fluid
first 10 kg x 100 = 1000 plus 6 x 50 = 300 = 1300/24 = 54
Requirements?
mL/hour
>20 kg
100 mL per kg of weight for the first 10 kg + 50 mL/kg for
the next 10 kg = #mL for 24 hrs
A child weighs 30 kg
first 10 kg x 100 = 1000 plus 3 x 50 = 150 = 1150/24
What are the 3 types of Isotonic (Isonatremic) Dehydration
dehydration: No water, no Hypotonic (Hyponatremic) Dehydration
salt, or both? Hypertonic (Hypernatremic) Dehydration
**MOST COMMON!
-BOTH water and electrolyte are lost in the same
What is Isotonic
proportion as they exist in the body
(Isonatremic) Dehydration?
-Plasma NA (serum sodium concentration) remains
normal
What is Hypotonic -NO salt!! electrolyte loss is greater than the fluid loss
(Hyponatremic) -NA is < 130 meq/L
Dehydration? -Shock, seizures for frequent result
-NO WATER - water loss is greater than the electrolyte
loss
What is Hypertonic
-MOST DANGEROUS & REQUIRES SPECIFIC FLUID
(Hypernatremic)
THERAPY!
Dehydration?
-NA is > 150
-Seizures, neurologic damage
Which dehydration is the Hypertonic (Hypernatremic)! causes seizures & neuro
most dangerous? damage
What are interventions for Pedialyte & breast milk!!
an infant who is
mildly/moderate
dehydrated?
