ISDS 351 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
What is Information Technology? - Answer -includes all tools that capture, store,
process, exchange, and use information
Personal IT - Answer -information systems that improve the productivity of individual
users in performing stand-alone tasks
group IT - Answer -information systems that improve communications and support
collaboration among members of a workgroup
Enterprise IT - Answer -information systems that organizations use to define structured
interactions among their own employees and/or with external customers, suppliers, gov't
agencies & other business partners
TPS (transaction processing system) - Answer -captures data from company
transactions & other key events, & then updates the firm's records, which are
maintained in electronic files or databases
CRM (customer relationship management) - Answer -systems that support sales,
marketing, & customer service processes
PLM (product lifecycle management) - Answer -systems that support the processes
associated w/ the various phases of the lifecycle of a product, including sales and
marketing, research & development, concept development, product design, prototyping
& testing, manufacturing process design, production & assembly, delivery & product
installation, service & support, & product retirement & replacement
Smooth Introduction and Adoption of IT: Page 13 - Answer -to implement an IT system
successfully, a company might need to change its business processes, worker roles &
responsibilities, rewards systems, & decision making
parochial self-interest - Answer -some people are more concerned w/ the impact of the
change on themselves than w/ how it might improve the organization
misunderstanding - Answer -some people have misconceptions or lack info about the
change
low tolerance to change - Answer -some people require security & stability in their work
different assessments of the situation - Answer -some people disagree about the
reasons for the change or do not support the process
, Change Management Continuum Model. Table 1-4 - Answer -describes key activities
that are needed to build commitment for change
inform - Answer -goal: make people aware of the change & why it is occurring
1. contact 2. awareness 3. understanding
educate - Answer -people recognize the impact of change on them & their way of
working
1. positive perception 2. adoption 3. institutionalization
commit - Answer -the change is fully accepted & has become part of everyday life
1. internalization (people are highly committed to change b/c it matches their interest,
goals, & values)
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology - Answer -identifies 4 key factors
that directly determine a user's acceptance & usage of IT
1. usefulness 2. ease of use 3. management expectations 4. facilitating conditions
usefulness - Answer -belief that using the system will help job performance
ease of use - Answer -degree of ease associated w/ the use of the system
management expectations - Answer -degree of belief that management wants
employees to use the system
facilitating conditions - Answer -belief that an organizational & technical infrastructure
exists to support the system
Diffusion of Innovation Theory. - Answer -developed by E.M. Rogers to explain how a
new idea or product gains acceptance & diffuses (or spreads) through a specific
population or subset of an organization
****adoption of any innovation does not happen all at once---> drawn out process***
innovator - Answer -risks takers; always 1st to try new products & ideas
--simply provide them access to new system & get out of their way
early adopter - Answer -opinion leaders whom others listen to & follow; aware of the
need for change
--provide them assistance getting started
early majority - Answer -listen to & follow the opinion leaders
--provide them evidence of the system's effectiveness & success stories
late majority - Answer -skeptical of change & new ideas
--provide them data on how many others have tried the new system and used it
successfully
What is Information Technology? - Answer -includes all tools that capture, store,
process, exchange, and use information
Personal IT - Answer -information systems that improve the productivity of individual
users in performing stand-alone tasks
group IT - Answer -information systems that improve communications and support
collaboration among members of a workgroup
Enterprise IT - Answer -information systems that organizations use to define structured
interactions among their own employees and/or with external customers, suppliers, gov't
agencies & other business partners
TPS (transaction processing system) - Answer -captures data from company
transactions & other key events, & then updates the firm's records, which are
maintained in electronic files or databases
CRM (customer relationship management) - Answer -systems that support sales,
marketing, & customer service processes
PLM (product lifecycle management) - Answer -systems that support the processes
associated w/ the various phases of the lifecycle of a product, including sales and
marketing, research & development, concept development, product design, prototyping
& testing, manufacturing process design, production & assembly, delivery & product
installation, service & support, & product retirement & replacement
Smooth Introduction and Adoption of IT: Page 13 - Answer -to implement an IT system
successfully, a company might need to change its business processes, worker roles &
responsibilities, rewards systems, & decision making
parochial self-interest - Answer -some people are more concerned w/ the impact of the
change on themselves than w/ how it might improve the organization
misunderstanding - Answer -some people have misconceptions or lack info about the
change
low tolerance to change - Answer -some people require security & stability in their work
different assessments of the situation - Answer -some people disagree about the
reasons for the change or do not support the process
, Change Management Continuum Model. Table 1-4 - Answer -describes key activities
that are needed to build commitment for change
inform - Answer -goal: make people aware of the change & why it is occurring
1. contact 2. awareness 3. understanding
educate - Answer -people recognize the impact of change on them & their way of
working
1. positive perception 2. adoption 3. institutionalization
commit - Answer -the change is fully accepted & has become part of everyday life
1. internalization (people are highly committed to change b/c it matches their interest,
goals, & values)
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology - Answer -identifies 4 key factors
that directly determine a user's acceptance & usage of IT
1. usefulness 2. ease of use 3. management expectations 4. facilitating conditions
usefulness - Answer -belief that using the system will help job performance
ease of use - Answer -degree of ease associated w/ the use of the system
management expectations - Answer -degree of belief that management wants
employees to use the system
facilitating conditions - Answer -belief that an organizational & technical infrastructure
exists to support the system
Diffusion of Innovation Theory. - Answer -developed by E.M. Rogers to explain how a
new idea or product gains acceptance & diffuses (or spreads) through a specific
population or subset of an organization
****adoption of any innovation does not happen all at once---> drawn out process***
innovator - Answer -risks takers; always 1st to try new products & ideas
--simply provide them access to new system & get out of their way
early adopter - Answer -opinion leaders whom others listen to & follow; aware of the
need for change
--provide them assistance getting started
early majority - Answer -listen to & follow the opinion leaders
--provide them evidence of the system's effectiveness & success stories
late majority - Answer -skeptical of change & new ideas
--provide them data on how many others have tried the new system and used it
successfully
