NR547 FINAL EXAM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED)

NR547 FINAL EXAM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED) 1. Medications for depressionSSRIs SNRIs SDRIs TCAs MAOIs 2. SSRIsAction: inhibit 5-HT reuptake -Examples: citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline -Adverse effects: • nausea • agitation • diarrhea • headache • weight gain • sexual side effects 3. SNRIsinhibit 5-HT reuptake -inhibit NE reuptake ( energy, focus)‘ -increase DA in prefrontal cortex ( cognition)‘ -Examples: desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, venlafaxine -Adverse effects: • elevated blood pressure • nausea • sweating • tremors • anxiety • insomnia • constipation • anorexia • sexual dysfunction 4. SDRIsinhibit DA reuptake (alertness, motivation)‘ inhibit NE reuptake (energy)‘ -Adverse effects: • agitation • headache • dry mouth • constipation• weight loss 5. TCAsAction: inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine; blocks norepinephrine, histamine, and acetylcholine receptors -Examples: amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin Common Side Effects: • dry mouth • constipation • blurred vision • urinary retention • sedation • weight gain • hypotension • tachycardia • sexual dysfunction 6. MAOIsAction: increases norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting the enzyme that inactivates it -Examples: isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine Common Side Effects: • sedation • dizziness • sexual dysfunction • hypertensive crisis 7. Prescribing pearlscitalopram (Celexa): mild antihistamine effects 8. Prescribing pearls: escitalopram (Lexapro): no known drug interactions 9. Prescribing pearls: fluoxetine (Prozac): longest half-life 10. Prescribing pearls: paroxetine (Paxil): also treats social anxiety and insomnia 11. Prescribing pearls: fluvoxamine (Luvox): treats anxious depression smokers require increased dose 12. Prescribing pearls: sertraline (Zoloft): also treats social anxiety and hypersomnolence 13. Prescribing pearls: bupropion (Wellbutrin): NDRI may improve energy, alertness, and moti- vation; not first line treatment for anxiety; contraindicated in clients with a history of seizures 14. Prescribing pearls: duloxetine (Cymbalta): effective for atypical pain at higher doses; appro- priate for clients who present with somatic symptoms of depression; effective for atypical pain, such as fibromyalgia and diabetic neuropathy 15. Prescribing pearls: venlafaxine (Effexor): treats both depression and anxiety disorders, ensure trial of higher dose before switching to a different medication 16. Prescribing pearls: desvenlafaxine (Pristiq): effective for perimenopausal vasomotor symptoms 17. considered when selecting a medication:Client preference -Prior treatment response -Anticipated adverse effects -Comorbidities -Half-life and interactions -Cost 18. if a medication is not achieving efficacy:Increase dose gradually -Switch to a different drug within the same class -Switch to drug in a different class -Add a second medication 19. Use to protect against suicide: lithium 20. MDD and BPD genetics: genetic factors contribute 31-42% of the disease risk in MDD and 59-85% in BPD 21. monoamine hypothesis of depressionposits that depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters • serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine -while mania may result from an excess *Emphasis is now shifted from the monoamines to their receptors and other downstream events such as the regulation of gene expression, growth factors, environmental factors, and epigenetic changes 22. : Three principal neurotransmitters -norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin 5HT • comprise the monoamine neurotransmitter system • implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders • All known pharmacologic treatments for mood disorders act upon one or more of these three neurotransmitters-Many of the symptoms of mood disorders are hypothesized to involve dysfunction of various combinations of the monoamine neurotransmitters 23. Mood disorders include ____________________ and ___________________: depressive disorders and bipolar disorders 24. Major depressive disorder (MDD): one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders -estimated that more than 300 million people suffer from -leading cause of disability worldwide -7.1% of adults and 13.3% of adolescents in the U.S. had at least one major depressive episode -An imbalance of specific neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, can influence brain activity and result in depression -decreased neurotransmitter activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) 25. MDD dxoccurrence of at least one episode of major depression lasting at least two weeks. -must experience 5 or more of the following symptoms in two weeks to be diagnosed with a major depressive episode: • feeling low most of the day for most days • decreased interest in activities • substantial weight loss, significant change in appetite • fidgeting, random movement (i.e. pacing) • decreased energy • sense of guilt or worthlessness • lack of focus or ability to make decisions • repeated thoughts of death and suicide 26. risk factors associated with major depressive disorder (MDD): female gender older adults with multiple health problems and disabilities non-white populations family history of MDD, suicide attempts and completion, substance abuse history of abuse/neglect financial, job loss, divorce, or other life stressors low socioeconomic status lack of relationships and support systems 27. Certain conditions are associated with depression, including:: epilepsy post-stroke Parkinson's disease multiple sclerosis degenerative brain disease Alzheimer's disease coronary artery disease depression in malignancy hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism hyperparathyroidism Cushing's syndrome Addison's disease diabetes mellitus