WGU Course C839 - Intro to
Cryptography
____ was designed to provide built in cryptography for the clipper chip.
A Blowfish
B Skipjack
C GOST
D 3DES - ------------ANSWER: B
_____ uses at least two different shifts, changing the shift with different letters in the
plain text.
A Atbash
B multi-alphabet encryption
C Scytale
D Caesar cipher - ------------ANSWER: B
_____ was developed by Netscape and has since been supplanted by TLS. It was
the preferred method used with secure websites (i.e. https). - ------------ANSWER:
SSL
_________ allows you to enter in any text, choose the historic algorithm you wish to
use, then encrypt that text in a matter of seconds. - ------------ANSWER: CrypTool
_________ is designated as FIPS 197 and can have three different key sizes. They
are: 128, 192, or 256 bits. This algorithm was developed by two Belgian
cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. Unlike both DES and 3DES, it is
not based on a Feistel network. This algorithm uses a substitution-permutation
matrix rather than a Feistel network. It also operates on a four-by-four column-major
order matrix of bytes, called the state. - ------------ANSWER: AES
_________ uses a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It is a Feistel
cipher. It was designed by Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Doug Whiting, David
Wagner, Chris Hall, and Niels Ferguson. - ------------ANSWER: Twofish
__________ is a symmetric block cipher that was designed in 1993 by Bruce
Schneier. This cryptography algorithm is intended as a replacement for DES. Like
DES, it is a 16-round Feistel cipher working on 64-bit blocks. However, unlike DES, it
can have varying key sizes ranging from 32 bits to 448 bits. There are really two
parts to this algorithm. The first part handles the expansion of the key. The second
,part actually encrypts the data. The key expansion is handled in several steps. The
first step is to break the original key into a set of subkeys. Specifically, a key of no
more than 448 bits is separated into 4,168 bytes. There is a P-array and four 32-bit
S-boxes. The P-array contains 18 32-bit subkeys, while each S-box contains 256
entries. - ------------ANSWER: Blowfish
__________ is an international standard for the format and information contained in
a digital certificate and is the most common type of digital certificate in the world. It
was first issued on July 3, 1988. It is a digital document that contains a public key
signed by the trusted third party, which is known as a Certificate Authority, or CA.
Relied on by S/MIME, it contains your name, info about you, and signature of the
person who issued the certificate. - ------------ANSWER: X.509
___________ was invented by a team of cryptographers including Vincent Rijmen,
Joan Daemen, Bart Preneel, Antoon Bosselaers, and Erik De Win. It uses a 64-bit
block with a 128-bit key and operates in six rounds. - ------------ANSWER: SHARK
____________ uses the stream cipher RC4 (128 bit or 256 bit). For a 24-bit IV, there
is a 50% probability the same IV will repeat after 5000 packets - ------------ANSWER:
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
______________ is a measure of how many things interact at any one point. If the
effect of an option is limited to a small part of the program, then it cannot interact
with an option whose effect is limited to another part of the program. -
------------ANSWER: Complexity
_______________ is the simplest form of authentication where the user's name and
password are transmitted over a network and compared to a table of
name-password pairs. Typically, the passwords stored in the table are encrypted;
however, the transmissions of the passwords are in cleartext, unencrypted. This is
it's main weakness. The Basic Authentication feature built into HTTP uses this form
of authentication. - ------------ANSWER: Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
_______________ is the worst enemy of security, and it almost always comes in the
form of features or options. - ------------ANSWER: Complexity
________________ was created by David Wheeler and Roger Needham and first
publicly presented in 1994. It is a simple algorithm, easy to implement in code. It is a
Feistel cipher that uses 64 rounds (note this is a suggestion, it can be implemented
with fewer or more rounds). The rounds should be even since they are implemented
in pairs called, cycles. it uses a 128-bit key operating on a 64-bit block. It also uses a
constant that is defined as 232/the golden ratio. - ------------ANSWER: TEA, or Tiny
Encryption Algorithm
,_________________ is a protocol for encrypting transmissions. A client and server
negotiate a connection by using a handshaking procedure, in which the client and
server agree on various parameters used to establish the connection's security. -
------------ANSWER: Transport Layer Security (TLS)
_________________ is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a
way that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the
existence of the message. It is a form of security through obscurity. By altering the
least significant bit, one can hide additional data without altering the original file in
any noticeable way. - ------------ANSWER: Steganography
__________________ is a form of cryptanalysis applicable to symmetric key
algorithms and was invented by Eli Biham and Adi Shamir.
Essentially, it is the examination of differences in an input and how that affects the
resultant difference in the output. It originally worked only with chosen plaintext.
It could also work with known plaintext and ciphertext. - ------------ANSWER:
Differential cryptanalysis
_____________________ was a cylinder tool used by the Greeks, and is often
specifically attributed to the Spartans. It was a physical cylinder that was used to
encrypt messages. Turning the cylinder produced different ciphertexts. While it is not
clear exactly how old this cipher is, it was first mentioned in the 7th century BC by
the Greek poet Archilochus. The recipient uses a rod of the same diameter as the
one used to create the message. He then wraps the parchment to read the
message. To encrypt, one simply writes across the leather. - ------------ANSWER:
Scytale
____________________________ calculates a hash after the user has logged in,
then it shares that hash with the client system. Periodically, the server will ask the
client to provide that hash (this is the challenge part). If the client cannot, then it is
clear that the communications have been compromised. - ------------ANSWER:
Challenge HandShake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
____________________________ is a 160-bit hash algorithm developed by Hans
Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel. There exist 128-, 256-, and 320-bit
versions of this algorithm, called RIPEMD-128, RIPEMD-256, and RIPEMD-320,
respectively. These all replace the original RIPEMD which was found to have
collision issues. The larger bit sizes make this far more secure that MD5 or RIPEMD.
- ------------ANSWER: RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest
(RIPEMD-160)
, __________________) is also used to turn a block cipher into a stream cipher. This
is much like OFB mode. CTR generates the next keystream block by encrypting
successive values of a "counter." The counter can be any simple function that
produces a sequence that is guaranteed not to repeat for a long time. -
------------ANSWER: Counter mode (CTR
A _____ is a function that takes a variable-size input m and returns a fixed-size
string.
A Symmetric cipher
B Hash
C Asymmetric cipher
D Feistel - ------------ANSWER: B
A _____ is a function that takes a variable-size input m and returns a fixed-size
string. - ------------ANSWER: Hash
A ______ refers to a situation where two different inputs yield the same output.
A Substitution
B Convergence
C Collision
D Transposition - ------------ANSWER: C
A _______ function H is a function that takes a variable-size input m and returns a
fixed-size string. The value that is returned is called the hash value h or the digest.
This can be expressed mathematically as h = H(m). An example of this is Windows
will store that in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) file in the Windows System
directory. When you log on, Windows cannot "un-hash: your password (remember it
is one way). So, what Windows does is take whatever password you type in, hash it,
then compare the result with what is in the SAM file. If they match (exactly), then you
can log in. - ------------ANSWER: hash
A _________ is a digital representation of information that identifies you as a
relevant entity by a trusted third party?
A Digital Signature
B Hash
C Ownership stamp
D Digest - ------------ANSWER: A
Cryptography
____ was designed to provide built in cryptography for the clipper chip.
A Blowfish
B Skipjack
C GOST
D 3DES - ------------ANSWER: B
_____ uses at least two different shifts, changing the shift with different letters in the
plain text.
A Atbash
B multi-alphabet encryption
C Scytale
D Caesar cipher - ------------ANSWER: B
_____ was developed by Netscape and has since been supplanted by TLS. It was
the preferred method used with secure websites (i.e. https). - ------------ANSWER:
SSL
_________ allows you to enter in any text, choose the historic algorithm you wish to
use, then encrypt that text in a matter of seconds. - ------------ANSWER: CrypTool
_________ is designated as FIPS 197 and can have three different key sizes. They
are: 128, 192, or 256 bits. This algorithm was developed by two Belgian
cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. Unlike both DES and 3DES, it is
not based on a Feistel network. This algorithm uses a substitution-permutation
matrix rather than a Feistel network. It also operates on a four-by-four column-major
order matrix of bytes, called the state. - ------------ANSWER: AES
_________ uses a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It is a Feistel
cipher. It was designed by Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Doug Whiting, David
Wagner, Chris Hall, and Niels Ferguson. - ------------ANSWER: Twofish
__________ is a symmetric block cipher that was designed in 1993 by Bruce
Schneier. This cryptography algorithm is intended as a replacement for DES. Like
DES, it is a 16-round Feistel cipher working on 64-bit blocks. However, unlike DES, it
can have varying key sizes ranging from 32 bits to 448 bits. There are really two
parts to this algorithm. The first part handles the expansion of the key. The second
,part actually encrypts the data. The key expansion is handled in several steps. The
first step is to break the original key into a set of subkeys. Specifically, a key of no
more than 448 bits is separated into 4,168 bytes. There is a P-array and four 32-bit
S-boxes. The P-array contains 18 32-bit subkeys, while each S-box contains 256
entries. - ------------ANSWER: Blowfish
__________ is an international standard for the format and information contained in
a digital certificate and is the most common type of digital certificate in the world. It
was first issued on July 3, 1988. It is a digital document that contains a public key
signed by the trusted third party, which is known as a Certificate Authority, or CA.
Relied on by S/MIME, it contains your name, info about you, and signature of the
person who issued the certificate. - ------------ANSWER: X.509
___________ was invented by a team of cryptographers including Vincent Rijmen,
Joan Daemen, Bart Preneel, Antoon Bosselaers, and Erik De Win. It uses a 64-bit
block with a 128-bit key and operates in six rounds. - ------------ANSWER: SHARK
____________ uses the stream cipher RC4 (128 bit or 256 bit). For a 24-bit IV, there
is a 50% probability the same IV will repeat after 5000 packets - ------------ANSWER:
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
______________ is a measure of how many things interact at any one point. If the
effect of an option is limited to a small part of the program, then it cannot interact
with an option whose effect is limited to another part of the program. -
------------ANSWER: Complexity
_______________ is the simplest form of authentication where the user's name and
password are transmitted over a network and compared to a table of
name-password pairs. Typically, the passwords stored in the table are encrypted;
however, the transmissions of the passwords are in cleartext, unencrypted. This is
it's main weakness. The Basic Authentication feature built into HTTP uses this form
of authentication. - ------------ANSWER: Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
_______________ is the worst enemy of security, and it almost always comes in the
form of features or options. - ------------ANSWER: Complexity
________________ was created by David Wheeler and Roger Needham and first
publicly presented in 1994. It is a simple algorithm, easy to implement in code. It is a
Feistel cipher that uses 64 rounds (note this is a suggestion, it can be implemented
with fewer or more rounds). The rounds should be even since they are implemented
in pairs called, cycles. it uses a 128-bit key operating on a 64-bit block. It also uses a
constant that is defined as 232/the golden ratio. - ------------ANSWER: TEA, or Tiny
Encryption Algorithm
,_________________ is a protocol for encrypting transmissions. A client and server
negotiate a connection by using a handshaking procedure, in which the client and
server agree on various parameters used to establish the connection's security. -
------------ANSWER: Transport Layer Security (TLS)
_________________ is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a
way that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the
existence of the message. It is a form of security through obscurity. By altering the
least significant bit, one can hide additional data without altering the original file in
any noticeable way. - ------------ANSWER: Steganography
__________________ is a form of cryptanalysis applicable to symmetric key
algorithms and was invented by Eli Biham and Adi Shamir.
Essentially, it is the examination of differences in an input and how that affects the
resultant difference in the output. It originally worked only with chosen plaintext.
It could also work with known plaintext and ciphertext. - ------------ANSWER:
Differential cryptanalysis
_____________________ was a cylinder tool used by the Greeks, and is often
specifically attributed to the Spartans. It was a physical cylinder that was used to
encrypt messages. Turning the cylinder produced different ciphertexts. While it is not
clear exactly how old this cipher is, it was first mentioned in the 7th century BC by
the Greek poet Archilochus. The recipient uses a rod of the same diameter as the
one used to create the message. He then wraps the parchment to read the
message. To encrypt, one simply writes across the leather. - ------------ANSWER:
Scytale
____________________________ calculates a hash after the user has logged in,
then it shares that hash with the client system. Periodically, the server will ask the
client to provide that hash (this is the challenge part). If the client cannot, then it is
clear that the communications have been compromised. - ------------ANSWER:
Challenge HandShake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
____________________________ is a 160-bit hash algorithm developed by Hans
Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel. There exist 128-, 256-, and 320-bit
versions of this algorithm, called RIPEMD-128, RIPEMD-256, and RIPEMD-320,
respectively. These all replace the original RIPEMD which was found to have
collision issues. The larger bit sizes make this far more secure that MD5 or RIPEMD.
- ------------ANSWER: RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest
(RIPEMD-160)
, __________________) is also used to turn a block cipher into a stream cipher. This
is much like OFB mode. CTR generates the next keystream block by encrypting
successive values of a "counter." The counter can be any simple function that
produces a sequence that is guaranteed not to repeat for a long time. -
------------ANSWER: Counter mode (CTR
A _____ is a function that takes a variable-size input m and returns a fixed-size
string.
A Symmetric cipher
B Hash
C Asymmetric cipher
D Feistel - ------------ANSWER: B
A _____ is a function that takes a variable-size input m and returns a fixed-size
string. - ------------ANSWER: Hash
A ______ refers to a situation where two different inputs yield the same output.
A Substitution
B Convergence
C Collision
D Transposition - ------------ANSWER: C
A _______ function H is a function that takes a variable-size input m and returns a
fixed-size string. The value that is returned is called the hash value h or the digest.
This can be expressed mathematically as h = H(m). An example of this is Windows
will store that in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) file in the Windows System
directory. When you log on, Windows cannot "un-hash: your password (remember it
is one way). So, what Windows does is take whatever password you type in, hash it,
then compare the result with what is in the SAM file. If they match (exactly), then you
can log in. - ------------ANSWER: hash
A _________ is a digital representation of information that identifies you as a
relevant entity by a trusted third party?
A Digital Signature
B Hash
C Ownership stamp
D Digest - ------------ANSWER: A
