Blood Bank Exam 1 UAMS UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
History of transfusion medicine - CORRECT ANSWER - • First transfusion in 1492
when blood from three young men was given to an ill Pope
. All four died.
• Biggest problems from then on were giving the wrong type and the blood clotting
Typing discovered by Landsteiner in 1901 who won a Nobel Prize W.W. Il spurred much
research
Components replacing whole blood AIDS effect on transfusions
Immunology for Blood Banking - CORRECT ANSWER - Immunology is the process
where the organism is protected from disease and foreign invaders
• The body must recognize antigens that are foreign from self- antigens thus allowing antibodies
to destroy invaders but not harm the body itself
Proteins called antibodies bind to foreign antigens such as microorganisms and tumor cells and
cause their destruction
Transfused red cell carrying non-self antigens can also be destroyed if the appropriate tests are
not performed transfusion to determine compatibility
o Intravascular
- cell membrane destroyed by complement
- causes immediate problem such as with wrong ABO
a. Cells destroyed and kidney damaged by fragments
b. Review of complement action
Extravascular
- antibody attached to red cell membrane and cell is removed by the spleen delayed transfusion
reactions and fetal deaths
Two immune responses: - CORRECT ANSWER - Humoral: Cellular
,types Humoral: - CORRECT ANSWER - Humoral: the production of antibodies (Igs) by
B lymphs converted plasma cells
Macrophage ingests a foreign antigen, processes it, extrudes it and holds it on its surface until the
antibody is made Macrophage-bound antigen interacts with T cells to induce the transformation
of B cells into plasma cells
• Antibody produced binds to antigen
Once coated with antibody, cell is either destroyed by phagocytosis, by complement or is
removed by the spleen Immune cells all come from pluripotential stem from BM
Cellular - CORRECT ANSWER - immunity: the direct interaction of T lymphs with
foreign cells
T cells produce a variety of substances such as chemotactic factors and mediators of
inflammation CD4 (helper) and CD 8 (suppressor or cytotoxic) cells
* Helpers help transform B cells to plasma cells
Suppressors suppress antibody formation to auto antigens
Delayed hypersensitivity and transplant immunology are examples of cellular immunity Also
null or natural killer cells which can cause cell death by direct lysis
Complement: - CORRECT ANSWER - Complement: lyses antibody coated cells and
serves to mediate opsonization to prepare for phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages -
will have a whole lecture on this later
substance capable of inducing a specific response - CORRECT ANSWER - Antigen:
Antigen: - CORRECT ANSWER - Defined by the antibodies which react Composed of
protein, carbohydrate or lipid and have molecular weight over 5000 Daltons c. Can be free but
are usually bound to the surface of red blood cells
d. Most red cell antigens stick out from the surface of the cell or are integral part of the
membrane - those which stick out tend to be antigenic
e. Epitope - portion of antigen where antibody combines
f. Large variability on how antigenic an antigen is
, g. Antigen can get in by being injected, inhaled ingested
Epitope - CORRECT ANSWER - portion of antigen where antibody combines
proteins synthesized by plasma cells - CORRECT ANSWER - Antibodies:
Antibodies: - CORRECT ANSWER - proteins synthesized by plasma cells Production
initiated following the direct interaction of an antigen with macrophage Macrophage bound
antigens interact with T lymphs inducing transform to plasma cells to make an antibody which in
turn combines with the antigens which stimulated its production • Anti to foreign are called
alloantibody
Anti to self are autoantibody
c. Structure of immunoglobulins
Structure of immunoglobulin - CORRECT ANSWER - Two polypeptide chains - one
heavy and one light joined by a disulfide bond In any monomer, the two halves are identical
• Classes of antibody based on heavy chain compositions (only two light chains - kappa and
lambda)
If a proteolytic enzyme such as immunoglobulin molecule will break papain is added, the into
three fragments
Two fragments are identical and are areas where the antibody binds to antigen (Fab)
The third portion contains the heavy chains and is called the Fc fragment because it can be
crystallized Regions of Ig Fab are variable - different depending on the antigen Fc region is
constant (same aa) and is where the Ig binds to complement and macrophages
Classes of antibody based on - CORRECT ANSWER - Classes of antibody based on
heavy chain compositions (only two light chains - kappa and lambda)
(Fab) - CORRECT ANSWER - Two fragments are identical and are areas where the
antibody binds to antigen (Fab)
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
History of transfusion medicine - CORRECT ANSWER - • First transfusion in 1492
when blood from three young men was given to an ill Pope
. All four died.
• Biggest problems from then on were giving the wrong type and the blood clotting
Typing discovered by Landsteiner in 1901 who won a Nobel Prize W.W. Il spurred much
research
Components replacing whole blood AIDS effect on transfusions
Immunology for Blood Banking - CORRECT ANSWER - Immunology is the process
where the organism is protected from disease and foreign invaders
• The body must recognize antigens that are foreign from self- antigens thus allowing antibodies
to destroy invaders but not harm the body itself
Proteins called antibodies bind to foreign antigens such as microorganisms and tumor cells and
cause their destruction
Transfused red cell carrying non-self antigens can also be destroyed if the appropriate tests are
not performed transfusion to determine compatibility
o Intravascular
- cell membrane destroyed by complement
- causes immediate problem such as with wrong ABO
a. Cells destroyed and kidney damaged by fragments
b. Review of complement action
Extravascular
- antibody attached to red cell membrane and cell is removed by the spleen delayed transfusion
reactions and fetal deaths
Two immune responses: - CORRECT ANSWER - Humoral: Cellular
,types Humoral: - CORRECT ANSWER - Humoral: the production of antibodies (Igs) by
B lymphs converted plasma cells
Macrophage ingests a foreign antigen, processes it, extrudes it and holds it on its surface until the
antibody is made Macrophage-bound antigen interacts with T cells to induce the transformation
of B cells into plasma cells
• Antibody produced binds to antigen
Once coated with antibody, cell is either destroyed by phagocytosis, by complement or is
removed by the spleen Immune cells all come from pluripotential stem from BM
Cellular - CORRECT ANSWER - immunity: the direct interaction of T lymphs with
foreign cells
T cells produce a variety of substances such as chemotactic factors and mediators of
inflammation CD4 (helper) and CD 8 (suppressor or cytotoxic) cells
* Helpers help transform B cells to plasma cells
Suppressors suppress antibody formation to auto antigens
Delayed hypersensitivity and transplant immunology are examples of cellular immunity Also
null or natural killer cells which can cause cell death by direct lysis
Complement: - CORRECT ANSWER - Complement: lyses antibody coated cells and
serves to mediate opsonization to prepare for phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages -
will have a whole lecture on this later
substance capable of inducing a specific response - CORRECT ANSWER - Antigen:
Antigen: - CORRECT ANSWER - Defined by the antibodies which react Composed of
protein, carbohydrate or lipid and have molecular weight over 5000 Daltons c. Can be free but
are usually bound to the surface of red blood cells
d. Most red cell antigens stick out from the surface of the cell or are integral part of the
membrane - those which stick out tend to be antigenic
e. Epitope - portion of antigen where antibody combines
f. Large variability on how antigenic an antigen is
, g. Antigen can get in by being injected, inhaled ingested
Epitope - CORRECT ANSWER - portion of antigen where antibody combines
proteins synthesized by plasma cells - CORRECT ANSWER - Antibodies:
Antibodies: - CORRECT ANSWER - proteins synthesized by plasma cells Production
initiated following the direct interaction of an antigen with macrophage Macrophage bound
antigens interact with T lymphs inducing transform to plasma cells to make an antibody which in
turn combines with the antigens which stimulated its production • Anti to foreign are called
alloantibody
Anti to self are autoantibody
c. Structure of immunoglobulins
Structure of immunoglobulin - CORRECT ANSWER - Two polypeptide chains - one
heavy and one light joined by a disulfide bond In any monomer, the two halves are identical
• Classes of antibody based on heavy chain compositions (only two light chains - kappa and
lambda)
If a proteolytic enzyme such as immunoglobulin molecule will break papain is added, the into
three fragments
Two fragments are identical and are areas where the antibody binds to antigen (Fab)
The third portion contains the heavy chains and is called the Fc fragment because it can be
crystallized Regions of Ig Fab are variable - different depending on the antigen Fc region is
constant (same aa) and is where the Ig binds to complement and macrophages
Classes of antibody based on - CORRECT ANSWER - Classes of antibody based on
heavy chain compositions (only two light chains - kappa and lambda)
(Fab) - CORRECT ANSWER - Two fragments are identical and are areas where the
antibody binds to antigen (Fab)
