Human Growth and Development Exam 2
Erikson's Stages of Early Psychosocial Development: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy) -
☑️ Infants are dependent on caregivers to meet their needs and provide comfort
The responsiveness and consistency with which caregivers meet these needs helps to develop a
basic sense of trust and openness in the child
If these needs are not met, the child develops wariness and a lack of comfort
Erikson's Stages: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) -
☑️ Children develop a sense of control over their own actions
If autonomy is not
achieved, children are
shameful and doubt their own capabilities
Erikson's Stages: Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years) -
☑️ Children develop imagination for possibilities for themselves
Play becomes purposeful and includes paying the roles of mother, father, teacher, or athlete
With proper encouragement and balance, initiative and cooperation are developed
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages -
☑️ Review from Chapter 1- Name the last five Erikson stages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Growth of Attachment -
☑️ Evolutionary Psychology
Views many human behaviors as successful adaptations to the environment
Security in the presence of another, along with need for physical closeness is attachment
Bowlby noticed that children who form attachments to an adult are more likely to survive
Attachments are usually formed with the mother but may be any responsive and caring person
STEPS Toward Attachment -
☑️ 1. Preattachment stage (Birth to 6-8 weeks)
2. Attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-8 months)
3. True Attachment (6-8 months to 18 months)
4. Reciprocal Relationships (18 months on)
Father -Infant Relationships -
☑️ Attachment for fathers tends to follow that with mothers
Fathers tend to spend more time playing with children than taking care of them
,Fathers play with children differently
than mothers (more rough-and-tumble)
Children tend to seek out the father for a playmate. Mothers are preferred for comfort
Re-Cap
Follows attachment with mothers
Spend more time PLAYING
Rough-and- Tumble play
Children like to play with their fathers
Forms of Attachment: The Strange Situation Experiment -
☑️ Ainsworth introduced children and mothers to a room from which the mother then left.
Upon her return, the nature of the child's reaction was studied
Four types of reactions were observed . . .
1. Secure Attachment - on the mother's return, the child is comforted, crying stops, and the child
begins to explore again
2. Avoidant Attachment - on the mother's return the child ignores or turns away
3. Resistant Attachment - the baby is upset and remains upset when mother returns and is difficult to
console
4. Disorganized Attachment - the child seems confused and is unsure of reaction
CONSEQUENCES of Attachment -
☑️ Important considerations:
How do children with secure attachments relate to peers?
Early attachments are prototypes for what later in life?
What Determines #Quality of Attachment? -
☑️ -Predictable and responsible parenting promote secure attachment relationships
-Infants are frequently in childcare
Think about Good Parenting promotes secure attachment relationships because of what?
__________________
Infants develop this _____________.
Which is a __________.
Attachment, Work, & Alternate Caregiving -
☑️ NICHD research suggested:
1. No relationship between quality of the daycare and mother-child attachment
2. No relationship between length of stays or changes in daycare and parent attachment
3. Quality of attachment was found to be more related to the sensitivity of the mother to the child's
needs and care
, Functions of Emotions -
☑️ Why do people feel emotions?
Modern theories point at the functional value of emotions
Emotions are useful because they help people: (Fill in Blank)
adapt ________________
meet_________________
To _____________________
Basic emotions and their elements -
☑️ Joy, anger, and fear are considered the 3 basic emotions
Basic emotions are experienced across the globe and consist of 3 basic elements:
1. A subjective feeling
2. A physiological change
3. An overt behavior
Measuring Emotions -
☑️ Facial expressions indicate emotional state
Infants all over the world express emotions similarly, suggesting biological programming
By 5-6 months, infants' facial expressions change in reaction to events
Close resemblance between adult and infant smiles suggest facial expressions have similar meaning
Ages of Complex Emotions -
☑️ Complex emotions emerge around 18-24 months because the infant has to have a
beginning sense of self. (self-awareness)
Complex emotions include:
Guilt
Embarrassment
Pride
Cognitive growth allows primary schoolchildren to experience these complex emotions
Cultural Differences - Emotions -
☑️ Culture influences when and how much children express emotions
Many emotions are expressed similarly around the world
Some differences have been observed:
-Asian children are encouraged to show emotional restraint
-European American 11-month-olds cried and smiled more than
-Chinese infants of same age
Erikson's Stages of Early Psychosocial Development: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy) -
☑️ Infants are dependent on caregivers to meet their needs and provide comfort
The responsiveness and consistency with which caregivers meet these needs helps to develop a
basic sense of trust and openness in the child
If these needs are not met, the child develops wariness and a lack of comfort
Erikson's Stages: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) -
☑️ Children develop a sense of control over their own actions
If autonomy is not
achieved, children are
shameful and doubt their own capabilities
Erikson's Stages: Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years) -
☑️ Children develop imagination for possibilities for themselves
Play becomes purposeful and includes paying the roles of mother, father, teacher, or athlete
With proper encouragement and balance, initiative and cooperation are developed
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages -
☑️ Review from Chapter 1- Name the last five Erikson stages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Growth of Attachment -
☑️ Evolutionary Psychology
Views many human behaviors as successful adaptations to the environment
Security in the presence of another, along with need for physical closeness is attachment
Bowlby noticed that children who form attachments to an adult are more likely to survive
Attachments are usually formed with the mother but may be any responsive and caring person
STEPS Toward Attachment -
☑️ 1. Preattachment stage (Birth to 6-8 weeks)
2. Attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-8 months)
3. True Attachment (6-8 months to 18 months)
4. Reciprocal Relationships (18 months on)
Father -Infant Relationships -
☑️ Attachment for fathers tends to follow that with mothers
Fathers tend to spend more time playing with children than taking care of them
,Fathers play with children differently
than mothers (more rough-and-tumble)
Children tend to seek out the father for a playmate. Mothers are preferred for comfort
Re-Cap
Follows attachment with mothers
Spend more time PLAYING
Rough-and- Tumble play
Children like to play with their fathers
Forms of Attachment: The Strange Situation Experiment -
☑️ Ainsworth introduced children and mothers to a room from which the mother then left.
Upon her return, the nature of the child's reaction was studied
Four types of reactions were observed . . .
1. Secure Attachment - on the mother's return, the child is comforted, crying stops, and the child
begins to explore again
2. Avoidant Attachment - on the mother's return the child ignores or turns away
3. Resistant Attachment - the baby is upset and remains upset when mother returns and is difficult to
console
4. Disorganized Attachment - the child seems confused and is unsure of reaction
CONSEQUENCES of Attachment -
☑️ Important considerations:
How do children with secure attachments relate to peers?
Early attachments are prototypes for what later in life?
What Determines #Quality of Attachment? -
☑️ -Predictable and responsible parenting promote secure attachment relationships
-Infants are frequently in childcare
Think about Good Parenting promotes secure attachment relationships because of what?
__________________
Infants develop this _____________.
Which is a __________.
Attachment, Work, & Alternate Caregiving -
☑️ NICHD research suggested:
1. No relationship between quality of the daycare and mother-child attachment
2. No relationship between length of stays or changes in daycare and parent attachment
3. Quality of attachment was found to be more related to the sensitivity of the mother to the child's
needs and care
, Functions of Emotions -
☑️ Why do people feel emotions?
Modern theories point at the functional value of emotions
Emotions are useful because they help people: (Fill in Blank)
adapt ________________
meet_________________
To _____________________
Basic emotions and their elements -
☑️ Joy, anger, and fear are considered the 3 basic emotions
Basic emotions are experienced across the globe and consist of 3 basic elements:
1. A subjective feeling
2. A physiological change
3. An overt behavior
Measuring Emotions -
☑️ Facial expressions indicate emotional state
Infants all over the world express emotions similarly, suggesting biological programming
By 5-6 months, infants' facial expressions change in reaction to events
Close resemblance between adult and infant smiles suggest facial expressions have similar meaning
Ages of Complex Emotions -
☑️ Complex emotions emerge around 18-24 months because the infant has to have a
beginning sense of self. (self-awareness)
Complex emotions include:
Guilt
Embarrassment
Pride
Cognitive growth allows primary schoolchildren to experience these complex emotions
Cultural Differences - Emotions -
☑️ Culture influences when and how much children express emotions
Many emotions are expressed similarly around the world
Some differences have been observed:
-Asian children are encouraged to show emotional restraint
-European American 11-month-olds cried and smiled more than
-Chinese infants of same age
