Human Growth and Development
human developmemt -
☑️ a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the llifespan
theory -
☑️ an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
continuous development -
☑️ a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
discontinuous development -
☑️ a process in which new and different ways of interpreting and responding to the world
emerge at particular time periods
stages -
☑️ qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specifice periods
of development
contexts -
☑️ Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in
different paths of change.
nature-nurture controversy -
☑️ inborn biological givens vs. complex forces of the physical and social world that
influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth
life expectancy -
☑️ The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social,
economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a
newborn infant can expect to live.
lifespan perspective -
☑️ (1) development as lifelong (2) development as multidimensional and multidirectional
(3) development as highly plastic (4) development as embedded in multiple contexts
age-graded influences -
☑️ events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in whwen they
occur and how long they last
history-graded influences -
☑️ forces unique to a particular historic era that explain why people born around the same
time tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times
preformationism -
☑️ in medieval Europe once children emerged from infancy ther were regarded as
miniature already-formed adults
John Locke -
, ☑️ "tabula rasa" (blank slate) children in the beginning are nothing at all and all kinds of
experiences can shape their character. Nurture to shape a child
Jean Jacques Rousseau -
☑️ children were noble savages, naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong. Adult
training would only harm children.
Tetens -
☑️ older people can compensate for intellectual declines that, at times, may reflect hidden
gains
Carus -
☑️ four periods of life: childhood, youth, adulthood, senescence
Charles Darwin -
☑️ natural selection and survival of the fittest
normative approach -
☑️ measures of behaviour are taken on large numbers of individuals, age-related averages
are computed to represent typical development
Alfred Binet -
☑️ first successful intelligence test (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale)
Freud -
☑️ Austrian-born British psychoanalyst noted for her application of psychoanalysis to child
therapy.
id -
☑️ largest portion of the mind; basic biological needs and desires
ego -
☑️ conscious, rational part ofo personality; emerges in early infancy, ensures that the id is
redirected property
superego -
☑️ conscience; develops from interaction with parents
Erik Erikson -
☑️ neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how
people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves
confronting "Who am I?"
Jean Piaget -
☑️ 1896-1980; swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of
cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations
ethology -
☑️ concerned with adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history
sensitive period -
human developmemt -
☑️ a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the llifespan
theory -
☑️ an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
continuous development -
☑️ a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
discontinuous development -
☑️ a process in which new and different ways of interpreting and responding to the world
emerge at particular time periods
stages -
☑️ qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specifice periods
of development
contexts -
☑️ Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in
different paths of change.
nature-nurture controversy -
☑️ inborn biological givens vs. complex forces of the physical and social world that
influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth
life expectancy -
☑️ The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social,
economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a
newborn infant can expect to live.
lifespan perspective -
☑️ (1) development as lifelong (2) development as multidimensional and multidirectional
(3) development as highly plastic (4) development as embedded in multiple contexts
age-graded influences -
☑️ events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in whwen they
occur and how long they last
history-graded influences -
☑️ forces unique to a particular historic era that explain why people born around the same
time tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times
preformationism -
☑️ in medieval Europe once children emerged from infancy ther were regarded as
miniature already-formed adults
John Locke -
, ☑️ "tabula rasa" (blank slate) children in the beginning are nothing at all and all kinds of
experiences can shape their character. Nurture to shape a child
Jean Jacques Rousseau -
☑️ children were noble savages, naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong. Adult
training would only harm children.
Tetens -
☑️ older people can compensate for intellectual declines that, at times, may reflect hidden
gains
Carus -
☑️ four periods of life: childhood, youth, adulthood, senescence
Charles Darwin -
☑️ natural selection and survival of the fittest
normative approach -
☑️ measures of behaviour are taken on large numbers of individuals, age-related averages
are computed to represent typical development
Alfred Binet -
☑️ first successful intelligence test (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale)
Freud -
☑️ Austrian-born British psychoanalyst noted for her application of psychoanalysis to child
therapy.
id -
☑️ largest portion of the mind; basic biological needs and desires
ego -
☑️ conscious, rational part ofo personality; emerges in early infancy, ensures that the id is
redirected property
superego -
☑️ conscience; develops from interaction with parents
Erik Erikson -
☑️ neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how
people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves
confronting "Who am I?"
Jean Piaget -
☑️ 1896-1980; swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of
cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations
ethology -
☑️ concerned with adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history
sensitive period -
