Pharmacology Mid-Term Exam 1 Questions & Answers
↑ contraction, ↓ HR; treats HF & A-fib; hold if HR <60 bpm; monitor
K⁺ & toxicity (nausea, halos, confusion); antidote = Digibind.
Digoxin
Beta2 agonist; bronchodilation; use for asthma/COPD; watch for
Albuterol tachycardia, tremors.
Ca⁺ blocker; ↓ BP; used for HTN & angina; avoid grapefruit;
Amlodipine monitor edema.
DMARD; suppresses immune system; used for RA, psoriasis;
Methotrexate avoid pregnancy/alcohol; antidote = leucovorin.
Antiplatelet; ↓ pain, fever, inflammation; prevents MI/stroke; avoid
Aspirin in kids & ulcers; no antidote.
Anticoagulant; prevents clot formation; monitor aPTT; antidote =
Heparin protamine sulfate.
Oral anticoagulant; monitor INR 2-3; avoid vitamin K foods;
Warfarin antidote = vitamin K.
Vasodilator; for angina; causes headache, hypotension; no PDE-5
Nitroglycerin inhibitors; call 911 if no relief after 3 tabs.
Beta1 blocker; ↓ HR/BP; used for HTN, HF, MI; hold if HR <50
Metoprolol bpm; no abrupt stop.
K⁺-sparing diuretic; excretes Na⁺/water; watch for hyperkalemia;
Spironolactone avoid high-K⁺ foods.
Inhibits prostaglandins; ↓ pain/fever; max 4g/day; liver toxicity;
Tylenol antidote = acetylcysteine.
Antiplatelet; prevents clot after MI/stent; monitor bleeding; avoid
Plavix NSAIDs.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; ↓ LDL, ↑ HDL; take at night; avoid
Simvastatin grapefruit; monitor LFTs.
↑ force of contraction (positive inotrope), ↓ HR (negative
Digoxin chronotrope).
Digoxin Use HF, atrial fibrillation.
Digoxin Contraindication V-fib, heart block.
Check apical pulse 1 min; hold if HR <60 bpm; monitor K⁺ and
Digoxin Nursing Considerations digoxin levels (0.5-2 ng/mL).
Digoxin Education Report nausea, halos, or confusion (toxicity signs).
Digoxin Antidote Digoxin immune Fab (Digibind).
Albuterol Stimulates beta2 receptors → bronchodilation.
Albuterol Use Asthma, COPD.
1 Pharmacology Mid-Term Exam 1.pdf
, Pharmacology Mid-Term Exam 1 Questions & Answers
Amlodipine Calcium channel blocker → vasodilation → ↓ BP.
Amlodipine Use Hypertension, angina.
Beta2 agonist → bronchodilation; use: asthma/COPD; avoid in
severe tachyarrhythmias; monitor HR, tremor; teach inhaler
Albuterol technique.
Dihydropyridine CCB → peripheral vasodilation; use: HTN/angina;
contraindicated in severe hypotension; monitor BP, edema; avoid
Amlodipine grapefruit.
Antimetabolite/DMARD → inhibits folate metabolism; use: RA,
psoriasis, chemo; contraindicated in pregnancy; monitor
Methotrexate CBC/LFTs; give folinic acid rescue.
Irreversible COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor → analgesic & antiplatelet;
use: pain & low-dose MI prophylaxis; contraindicated in active
Aspirin bleed/children with viral illness; monitor GI bleed; take with food.
Replaces RBCs/plasma/platelets; use: anemia/bleeding/volume
replacement; contraindicated if incompatible; verify crossmatch,
Blood (Transfusion) monitor for reactions; educate patient on signs of transfusion
reaction.
Constitutive enzyme that protects gastric mucosa & aids platelet
COX-1 aggregation; inhibition → ↓platelet function, ↑GI bleed risk.
Inducible enzyme for inflammation/pain; selective inhibition →
COX-2 ↓pain with less GI upset but possible ↑CV risk.
Cardiac glycoside → ↑inotropy, ↓HR, ↓AV conduction; use: HF, A-
fib; contraindicated: v-fib, heart block; monitor apical pulse, K⁺, dig
Digoxin level; teach toxicity signs; antidote = Digibind.
TNF-α inhibitor monoclonal antibody; use: RA, Crohn's;
contraindicated with active infection/TB; screen for TB, monitor for
Infliximab infusion reactions; avoid live vaccines.
Parenteral anticoagulant → potentiates antithrombin III; use:
DVT/PE prophylaxis & treatment; contraindicated in active bleed;
Heparin monitor aPTT & platelets (HIT); antidote = protamine.
Fluids with osmolality ≈ plasma → expand intravascular volume;
Isotonic Fluids (e.g., Normal use: resuscitation/dehydration; caution in HF; monitor I&O, lung
Saline, LR) sounds.
Draws water from cells to intravascular space; use: severe
hyponatremia/ICP; contraindicated in volume overload; monitor
Hypertonic Fluids (e.g., 3% NaCl) Na⁺ closely.
2 Pharmacology Mid-Term Exam 1.pdf
↑ contraction, ↓ HR; treats HF & A-fib; hold if HR <60 bpm; monitor
K⁺ & toxicity (nausea, halos, confusion); antidote = Digibind.
Digoxin
Beta2 agonist; bronchodilation; use for asthma/COPD; watch for
Albuterol tachycardia, tremors.
Ca⁺ blocker; ↓ BP; used for HTN & angina; avoid grapefruit;
Amlodipine monitor edema.
DMARD; suppresses immune system; used for RA, psoriasis;
Methotrexate avoid pregnancy/alcohol; antidote = leucovorin.
Antiplatelet; ↓ pain, fever, inflammation; prevents MI/stroke; avoid
Aspirin in kids & ulcers; no antidote.
Anticoagulant; prevents clot formation; monitor aPTT; antidote =
Heparin protamine sulfate.
Oral anticoagulant; monitor INR 2-3; avoid vitamin K foods;
Warfarin antidote = vitamin K.
Vasodilator; for angina; causes headache, hypotension; no PDE-5
Nitroglycerin inhibitors; call 911 if no relief after 3 tabs.
Beta1 blocker; ↓ HR/BP; used for HTN, HF, MI; hold if HR <50
Metoprolol bpm; no abrupt stop.
K⁺-sparing diuretic; excretes Na⁺/water; watch for hyperkalemia;
Spironolactone avoid high-K⁺ foods.
Inhibits prostaglandins; ↓ pain/fever; max 4g/day; liver toxicity;
Tylenol antidote = acetylcysteine.
Antiplatelet; prevents clot after MI/stent; monitor bleeding; avoid
Plavix NSAIDs.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; ↓ LDL, ↑ HDL; take at night; avoid
Simvastatin grapefruit; monitor LFTs.
↑ force of contraction (positive inotrope), ↓ HR (negative
Digoxin chronotrope).
Digoxin Use HF, atrial fibrillation.
Digoxin Contraindication V-fib, heart block.
Check apical pulse 1 min; hold if HR <60 bpm; monitor K⁺ and
Digoxin Nursing Considerations digoxin levels (0.5-2 ng/mL).
Digoxin Education Report nausea, halos, or confusion (toxicity signs).
Digoxin Antidote Digoxin immune Fab (Digibind).
Albuterol Stimulates beta2 receptors → bronchodilation.
Albuterol Use Asthma, COPD.
1 Pharmacology Mid-Term Exam 1.pdf
, Pharmacology Mid-Term Exam 1 Questions & Answers
Amlodipine Calcium channel blocker → vasodilation → ↓ BP.
Amlodipine Use Hypertension, angina.
Beta2 agonist → bronchodilation; use: asthma/COPD; avoid in
severe tachyarrhythmias; monitor HR, tremor; teach inhaler
Albuterol technique.
Dihydropyridine CCB → peripheral vasodilation; use: HTN/angina;
contraindicated in severe hypotension; monitor BP, edema; avoid
Amlodipine grapefruit.
Antimetabolite/DMARD → inhibits folate metabolism; use: RA,
psoriasis, chemo; contraindicated in pregnancy; monitor
Methotrexate CBC/LFTs; give folinic acid rescue.
Irreversible COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor → analgesic & antiplatelet;
use: pain & low-dose MI prophylaxis; contraindicated in active
Aspirin bleed/children with viral illness; monitor GI bleed; take with food.
Replaces RBCs/plasma/platelets; use: anemia/bleeding/volume
replacement; contraindicated if incompatible; verify crossmatch,
Blood (Transfusion) monitor for reactions; educate patient on signs of transfusion
reaction.
Constitutive enzyme that protects gastric mucosa & aids platelet
COX-1 aggregation; inhibition → ↓platelet function, ↑GI bleed risk.
Inducible enzyme for inflammation/pain; selective inhibition →
COX-2 ↓pain with less GI upset but possible ↑CV risk.
Cardiac glycoside → ↑inotropy, ↓HR, ↓AV conduction; use: HF, A-
fib; contraindicated: v-fib, heart block; monitor apical pulse, K⁺, dig
Digoxin level; teach toxicity signs; antidote = Digibind.
TNF-α inhibitor monoclonal antibody; use: RA, Crohn's;
contraindicated with active infection/TB; screen for TB, monitor for
Infliximab infusion reactions; avoid live vaccines.
Parenteral anticoagulant → potentiates antithrombin III; use:
DVT/PE prophylaxis & treatment; contraindicated in active bleed;
Heparin monitor aPTT & platelets (HIT); antidote = protamine.
Fluids with osmolality ≈ plasma → expand intravascular volume;
Isotonic Fluids (e.g., Normal use: resuscitation/dehydration; caution in HF; monitor I&O, lung
Saline, LR) sounds.
Draws water from cells to intravascular space; use: severe
hyponatremia/ICP; contraindicated in volume overload; monitor
Hypertonic Fluids (e.g., 3% NaCl) Na⁺ closely.
2 Pharmacology Mid-Term Exam 1.pdf
