MICROBIO 303 Exam questions and
answers well graded A+
What are the four primary questions addressed by evolutionary medicine? - ANS✅✅- How does
our evolutionary legacy influence present day problems?
- How do medications shape the evolution of pathogen resistance?
- Are our conditions symptoms or adaptations?
- How do the ecological phenomena of corridors and barriers shape evolution of virulence?
Why are humans so freaking lazy (explained from an evolutionary point of view)? - ANS✅✅-
Laziness conserved energy for our ancestors who didn't have abundant food.
- The average American human diet has changed to eat more fattening food, they are more
sedentary, and uses energy less than 1.2 times his or her resting metabolic rate.
- Modern humans are largely still adapted to life in the stone age.
What are autoimmune diseases? - ANS✅✅The immune system mistakes some part of the body as
a pathogen and attacks its own cells.
What is the anatomy of Influenza A virus that makes it problematic? - ANS✅✅Two major surface
proteins: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase/ 8 rNa's on the inside; hemagglutinin binds to sialic acid
on the surface of a host cell; will make hundreds of thousands to millions of copies of itself
What are antigenic sites and where are they found? - ANS✅✅Antigenic sites are the specific parts
of a foreign protein that the immune system recognizes and remembers
What is the relationship between flu, humans, pigs, and birds (especially ducks)? - ANS✅✅Flu
strains infect humans, pigs, and birds. Human flu can infect pigs, bird flu can infect pigs as well,
making pigs the mixing agent. Humans can get pig infected by pig flu. The rice fields of southeast asia
are where the flu usually comes from due to all three species having high interaction rates on rice
fields.
What is the relationship between wars and epidemics? - ANS✅✅Toward the end of the
Revolutionary War, epidemics of virulent diarrheal diseases and pneumonias occurred, toward the
end of Civil War deaths due to virulent diarrheal diseases increased, and at the end of WW1 deaths
due to virulent influenza epidemic sharply increased. The trenches in WW1 acted as a large corridor.
, It is thought that war causes people from all over the country to live in very close quarters in
disgusting conditions, such as in trenches and hospitals. This meant diseases were easier to spread
and will be spread back home when the soldiers returned.
What is hemagglutinin and what is neuraminidase? What does H1N1 or H2N3 mean? - ANS✅✅-
Hemagglutinin is a predominant coat protein on influenza A. Primary protein recognized, attacked,
and remembered by the host's immune system. The "H" in H1N1.
-Neuraminidase is a mushroom-shape projection on the surface of the influenza virus. The "N" in
H1N1.
-H1N1 means hemagglutinin-1, neuraminidase-1 where the numbers refer to groups of
hemagglutinins or neuraminidases, defined by the ability of host antibodies to recognize them. All
H1's are more closely related to each other than any H2, H3, or H4 and same for neuraminidases.
What are competing hypotheses for how the Spanish flu got started? - ANS✅✅Hypothesis 1: Came
from Camp Funston, Fort Riley Kansas 4 Mar 1918→Queens, NYC, 11 Mar 1918→Brest, France and
Sierra Leone and Boston, Aug 1918→Spain + France, Nov 1918→WW1 battlefields → world
Hypothesis 2: China→Boston→France→WW1 battlefields→world
Hypothesis 3 (Ewald): China→WW1 battlefield trenches→world
What is the cytokine storm and what does it cause? - ANS✅✅A healthy immune system
overreaction to a deadly pathogen sending too many immune cells to certain parts of the body. It is
the systemic expression of a healthy and vigorous immune system resulting in the release of more
than 150 known inflammatory mediators as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. They occur
in response to small pox, avian influenza, SIRS, SARS, and sepsis. If it occurs in the lungs, the
individual often dies.
Why are corridors and barriers important to your health? - ANS✅✅Barriers protect you from
pathogens and getting sick such as sanitation and flu shots where corridors make it easier for you to
become infected and spread disease to other people.
What species are the main carriers of the flu virus? - ANS✅✅Horses, humans, swine, avian
(chicken, ducks, and geese); also whales, dogs, cats and seals
What are antibiotics and how do they influence the evolution of bacterial resistance? -
ANS✅✅They are chemicals that kill bacteria by disrupting particular biochemical processes and
powerful agents of selection for bacteria. They sort resistant bacteria from susceptible ones and if
they are used excessively, then they will become rapidly ineffective against the resistant bacteria.
This means more antibiotics will have to be invented to combat the resistant bacteria.
answers well graded A+
What are the four primary questions addressed by evolutionary medicine? - ANS✅✅- How does
our evolutionary legacy influence present day problems?
- How do medications shape the evolution of pathogen resistance?
- Are our conditions symptoms or adaptations?
- How do the ecological phenomena of corridors and barriers shape evolution of virulence?
Why are humans so freaking lazy (explained from an evolutionary point of view)? - ANS✅✅-
Laziness conserved energy for our ancestors who didn't have abundant food.
- The average American human diet has changed to eat more fattening food, they are more
sedentary, and uses energy less than 1.2 times his or her resting metabolic rate.
- Modern humans are largely still adapted to life in the stone age.
What are autoimmune diseases? - ANS✅✅The immune system mistakes some part of the body as
a pathogen and attacks its own cells.
What is the anatomy of Influenza A virus that makes it problematic? - ANS✅✅Two major surface
proteins: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase/ 8 rNa's on the inside; hemagglutinin binds to sialic acid
on the surface of a host cell; will make hundreds of thousands to millions of copies of itself
What are antigenic sites and where are they found? - ANS✅✅Antigenic sites are the specific parts
of a foreign protein that the immune system recognizes and remembers
What is the relationship between flu, humans, pigs, and birds (especially ducks)? - ANS✅✅Flu
strains infect humans, pigs, and birds. Human flu can infect pigs, bird flu can infect pigs as well,
making pigs the mixing agent. Humans can get pig infected by pig flu. The rice fields of southeast asia
are where the flu usually comes from due to all three species having high interaction rates on rice
fields.
What is the relationship between wars and epidemics? - ANS✅✅Toward the end of the
Revolutionary War, epidemics of virulent diarrheal diseases and pneumonias occurred, toward the
end of Civil War deaths due to virulent diarrheal diseases increased, and at the end of WW1 deaths
due to virulent influenza epidemic sharply increased. The trenches in WW1 acted as a large corridor.
, It is thought that war causes people from all over the country to live in very close quarters in
disgusting conditions, such as in trenches and hospitals. This meant diseases were easier to spread
and will be spread back home when the soldiers returned.
What is hemagglutinin and what is neuraminidase? What does H1N1 or H2N3 mean? - ANS✅✅-
Hemagglutinin is a predominant coat protein on influenza A. Primary protein recognized, attacked,
and remembered by the host's immune system. The "H" in H1N1.
-Neuraminidase is a mushroom-shape projection on the surface of the influenza virus. The "N" in
H1N1.
-H1N1 means hemagglutinin-1, neuraminidase-1 where the numbers refer to groups of
hemagglutinins or neuraminidases, defined by the ability of host antibodies to recognize them. All
H1's are more closely related to each other than any H2, H3, or H4 and same for neuraminidases.
What are competing hypotheses for how the Spanish flu got started? - ANS✅✅Hypothesis 1: Came
from Camp Funston, Fort Riley Kansas 4 Mar 1918→Queens, NYC, 11 Mar 1918→Brest, France and
Sierra Leone and Boston, Aug 1918→Spain + France, Nov 1918→WW1 battlefields → world
Hypothesis 2: China→Boston→France→WW1 battlefields→world
Hypothesis 3 (Ewald): China→WW1 battlefield trenches→world
What is the cytokine storm and what does it cause? - ANS✅✅A healthy immune system
overreaction to a deadly pathogen sending too many immune cells to certain parts of the body. It is
the systemic expression of a healthy and vigorous immune system resulting in the release of more
than 150 known inflammatory mediators as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. They occur
in response to small pox, avian influenza, SIRS, SARS, and sepsis. If it occurs in the lungs, the
individual often dies.
Why are corridors and barriers important to your health? - ANS✅✅Barriers protect you from
pathogens and getting sick such as sanitation and flu shots where corridors make it easier for you to
become infected and spread disease to other people.
What species are the main carriers of the flu virus? - ANS✅✅Horses, humans, swine, avian
(chicken, ducks, and geese); also whales, dogs, cats and seals
What are antibiotics and how do they influence the evolution of bacterial resistance? -
ANS✅✅They are chemicals that kill bacteria by disrupting particular biochemical processes and
powerful agents of selection for bacteria. They sort resistant bacteria from susceptible ones and if
they are used excessively, then they will become rapidly ineffective against the resistant bacteria.
This means more antibiotics will have to be invented to combat the resistant bacteria.
