VOLKENRECHT
Aleydis Nissen
TWEEDE SEMESTER
EERSTE BACHELOR
2024 - 2025
,Inhoud
H1: Fundamenten en structuren internationaal recht ................................................................5
Ambitie van het internationale recht .....................................................................................5
Soevereiniteit ......................................................................................................................5
Verenigde Naties..................................................................................................................5
Monisme en dualisme ..........................................................................................................5
Sub-disciplines....................................................................................................................5
Recht van samen bestaan en recht van samenwerken ...........................................................5
Andere internationale organisaties .......................................................................................6
Afdwinging ...........................................................................................................................6
Kritisch internationaal recht .................................................................................................6
H2: Bronnen internationaal recht .............................................................................................7
Introductie...........................................................................................................................7
Art 38(1) Statute ICJ .............................................................................................................7
Internationale verdragen (art. 38 1a) ..................................................................................7
Internationaal gewoonterecht (art. 38 1b) ..........................................................................7
Algemene rechtsbeginselen (art. 38 1c) .............................................................................8
Rechterlijke beslissingen en opvattingen van de meest bevoegde schrijvers (art. 38 1d) ......8
Relatie tussen verdrag en internationaal gewoonterecht ........................................................8
Unilaterale verklaringen .......................................................................................................9
Hiërarchie............................................................................................................................9
Erga omnes .........................................................................................................................9
Soft law ............................................................................................................................. 10
H3: Verdragen ....................................................................................................................... 10
Concept ............................................................................................................................ 10
Bevoegdheid ...................................................................................................................... 10
Instemming ....................................................................................................................... 11
Inwerkingtreding ................................................................................................................ 11
Validiteit ............................................................................................................................ 11
Reservaties........................................................................................................................ 12
Interpretaties ..................................................................................................................... 12
Amendementen ................................................................................................................. 12
Beëindiging, terugtrekking en opschorting ........................................................................... 13
H4: Actoren ........................................................................................................................... 13
Statelijke actoren ............................................................................................................... 13
Erkenning ....................................................................................................................... 13
Montevideo criteria ........................................................................................................ 13
Illegaliteit ....................................................................................................................... 14
1
, Recht op zelfbeschikking vs recht op afscheiding............................................................. 14
Verwerving van territorium .............................................................................................. 14
Opvolging....................................................................................................................... 15
Verdwijnen ..................................................................................................................... 15
Niet-statelijke actoren........................................................................................................ 15
Geen internationale rechtspersoonlijkheid ......................................................................... 16
H5: Jurisdictie ....................................................................................................................... 16
Concept ............................................................................................................................ 16
Voorschrijvende jurisdictie ................................................................................................. 16
Adjudicerende jurisdictie ................................................................................................... 17
Afdwingingsjurisdictie ........................................................................................................ 17
H7: Staatsaansprakelijkheid .................................................................................................. 18
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 18
Basis principes .................................................................................................................. 18
Toerekenbaarheid in meer detail ......................................................................................... 18
Hulp en ondersteuning ....................................................................................................... 19
Omstandigheden die onrechtmatigheid uitsluiten ............................................................... 19
Gevolgen van onrechtmatigheid ......................................................................................... 21
Wie mag inbreuk inroepen .................................................................................................. 21
Diplomatieke bescherming ................................................................................................ 22
H8: Zeerecht ......................................................................................................................... 22
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 22
Bronnen ............................................................................................................................ 22
De zee in stukjes ................................................................................................................ 22
Binnenwater................................................................................................................... 22
Territoriale wateren......................................................................................................... 22
Aansluitende zones ........................................................................................................ 23
Exclusieve economische zone ........................................................................................ 23
Continentaal plat & the area ........................................................................................... 23
Internationale wateren ................................................................................................... 24
Piraterij .............................................................................................................................. 24
Mariene leven .................................................................................................................... 24
Geschillenbeslechting ....................................................................................................... 24
H9: Mensenrechten ............................................................................................................... 24
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 24
Afdwinging ......................................................................................................................... 25
Bronnen ............................................................................................................................ 25
Categorieën ....................................................................................................................... 26
2
, Positieve en horizontale verplichtingen ............................................................................... 26
Regionale systemen ........................................................................................................... 26
Publieke noodtoestand ...................................................................................................... 27
Territoriaal toepassingsgebied? .......................................................................................... 27
Vluchtelingen .................................................................................................................... 28
H10: Milieurecht .................................................................................................................... 28
Wat is milieu(recht)? .......................................................................................................... 28
Conferenties...................................................................................................................... 28
Bronnen ............................................................................................................................ 29
Principes ........................................................................................................................... 30
Preventie: voorkomen van milieuschade ......................................................................... 30
Balancering: evenwichtige & eerlijke verdeling van milieubescherming ............................. 30
Substantieve regulering: atmosfeer en maritiem milieu ....................................................... 31
Substantieve regulering: conserveren ................................................................................. 32
Schadelijke stoffen ............................................................................................................ 34
Afdwinging en compensatie................................................................................................ 34
H11: Economisch recht ......................................................................................................... 35
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 35
Weg naar Bretton Woods .................................................................................................... 35
Internationaal handelsrecht ............................................................................................... 36
Internationaal monetair recht ............................................................................................. 37
Internationaal investeringsrecht ......................................................................................... 38
H12: Geschillenbeslechting ................................................................................................... 39
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................ 39
Zonder tribunaal of rechtbank ............................................................................................ 39
Verenigde Naties ............................................................................................................ 40
VN Veiligheidsraad ......................................................................................................... 40
VN Algemene Vergadering ............................................................................................... 40
VN Secretariaat .............................................................................................................. 40
Arbitragetribunalen ............................................................................................................ 40
Internationaal Hof van Justitie ............................................................................................ 40
Cases tussen staten ....................................................................................................... 40
Herhaling ....................................................................................................................... 40
Toegang ......................................................................................................................... 41
Instemming met jurisdictie ............................................................................................. 41
Provisionele maatregelen ............................................................................................... 42
Effecten ......................................................................................................................... 42
Relatie ICJ & VN Veiligheidsraad ...................................................................................... 42
3
Aleydis Nissen
TWEEDE SEMESTER
EERSTE BACHELOR
2024 - 2025
,Inhoud
H1: Fundamenten en structuren internationaal recht ................................................................5
Ambitie van het internationale recht .....................................................................................5
Soevereiniteit ......................................................................................................................5
Verenigde Naties..................................................................................................................5
Monisme en dualisme ..........................................................................................................5
Sub-disciplines....................................................................................................................5
Recht van samen bestaan en recht van samenwerken ...........................................................5
Andere internationale organisaties .......................................................................................6
Afdwinging ...........................................................................................................................6
Kritisch internationaal recht .................................................................................................6
H2: Bronnen internationaal recht .............................................................................................7
Introductie...........................................................................................................................7
Art 38(1) Statute ICJ .............................................................................................................7
Internationale verdragen (art. 38 1a) ..................................................................................7
Internationaal gewoonterecht (art. 38 1b) ..........................................................................7
Algemene rechtsbeginselen (art. 38 1c) .............................................................................8
Rechterlijke beslissingen en opvattingen van de meest bevoegde schrijvers (art. 38 1d) ......8
Relatie tussen verdrag en internationaal gewoonterecht ........................................................8
Unilaterale verklaringen .......................................................................................................9
Hiërarchie............................................................................................................................9
Erga omnes .........................................................................................................................9
Soft law ............................................................................................................................. 10
H3: Verdragen ....................................................................................................................... 10
Concept ............................................................................................................................ 10
Bevoegdheid ...................................................................................................................... 10
Instemming ....................................................................................................................... 11
Inwerkingtreding ................................................................................................................ 11
Validiteit ............................................................................................................................ 11
Reservaties........................................................................................................................ 12
Interpretaties ..................................................................................................................... 12
Amendementen ................................................................................................................. 12
Beëindiging, terugtrekking en opschorting ........................................................................... 13
H4: Actoren ........................................................................................................................... 13
Statelijke actoren ............................................................................................................... 13
Erkenning ....................................................................................................................... 13
Montevideo criteria ........................................................................................................ 13
Illegaliteit ....................................................................................................................... 14
1
, Recht op zelfbeschikking vs recht op afscheiding............................................................. 14
Verwerving van territorium .............................................................................................. 14
Opvolging....................................................................................................................... 15
Verdwijnen ..................................................................................................................... 15
Niet-statelijke actoren........................................................................................................ 15
Geen internationale rechtspersoonlijkheid ......................................................................... 16
H5: Jurisdictie ....................................................................................................................... 16
Concept ............................................................................................................................ 16
Voorschrijvende jurisdictie ................................................................................................. 16
Adjudicerende jurisdictie ................................................................................................... 17
Afdwingingsjurisdictie ........................................................................................................ 17
H7: Staatsaansprakelijkheid .................................................................................................. 18
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 18
Basis principes .................................................................................................................. 18
Toerekenbaarheid in meer detail ......................................................................................... 18
Hulp en ondersteuning ....................................................................................................... 19
Omstandigheden die onrechtmatigheid uitsluiten ............................................................... 19
Gevolgen van onrechtmatigheid ......................................................................................... 21
Wie mag inbreuk inroepen .................................................................................................. 21
Diplomatieke bescherming ................................................................................................ 22
H8: Zeerecht ......................................................................................................................... 22
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 22
Bronnen ............................................................................................................................ 22
De zee in stukjes ................................................................................................................ 22
Binnenwater................................................................................................................... 22
Territoriale wateren......................................................................................................... 22
Aansluitende zones ........................................................................................................ 23
Exclusieve economische zone ........................................................................................ 23
Continentaal plat & the area ........................................................................................... 23
Internationale wateren ................................................................................................... 24
Piraterij .............................................................................................................................. 24
Mariene leven .................................................................................................................... 24
Geschillenbeslechting ....................................................................................................... 24
H9: Mensenrechten ............................................................................................................... 24
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 24
Afdwinging ......................................................................................................................... 25
Bronnen ............................................................................................................................ 25
Categorieën ....................................................................................................................... 26
2
, Positieve en horizontale verplichtingen ............................................................................... 26
Regionale systemen ........................................................................................................... 26
Publieke noodtoestand ...................................................................................................... 27
Territoriaal toepassingsgebied? .......................................................................................... 27
Vluchtelingen .................................................................................................................... 28
H10: Milieurecht .................................................................................................................... 28
Wat is milieu(recht)? .......................................................................................................... 28
Conferenties...................................................................................................................... 28
Bronnen ............................................................................................................................ 29
Principes ........................................................................................................................... 30
Preventie: voorkomen van milieuschade ......................................................................... 30
Balancering: evenwichtige & eerlijke verdeling van milieubescherming ............................. 30
Substantieve regulering: atmosfeer en maritiem milieu ....................................................... 31
Substantieve regulering: conserveren ................................................................................. 32
Schadelijke stoffen ............................................................................................................ 34
Afdwinging en compensatie................................................................................................ 34
H11: Economisch recht ......................................................................................................... 35
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 35
Weg naar Bretton Woods .................................................................................................... 35
Internationaal handelsrecht ............................................................................................... 36
Internationaal monetair recht ............................................................................................. 37
Internationaal investeringsrecht ......................................................................................... 38
H12: Geschillenbeslechting ................................................................................................... 39
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................ 39
Zonder tribunaal of rechtbank ............................................................................................ 39
Verenigde Naties ............................................................................................................ 40
VN Veiligheidsraad ......................................................................................................... 40
VN Algemene Vergadering ............................................................................................... 40
VN Secretariaat .............................................................................................................. 40
Arbitragetribunalen ............................................................................................................ 40
Internationaal Hof van Justitie ............................................................................................ 40
Cases tussen staten ....................................................................................................... 40
Herhaling ....................................................................................................................... 40
Toegang ......................................................................................................................... 41
Instemming met jurisdictie ............................................................................................. 41
Provisionele maatregelen ............................................................................................... 42
Effecten ......................................................................................................................... 42
Relatie ICJ & VN Veiligheidsraad ...................................................................................... 42
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