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Working with Data Structures: Stacks

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A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle, meaning the last element added is the first one to be removed. In C++, a stack can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The main operations associated with a stack are: 1. **Push**: Adding an element to the top of the stack. 2. **Pop**: Removing the element from the top of the stack. 3. **Peek/Top**: Retrieving (but not removing) the top element of the stack. 4. **Empty**: Checking if the stack is empty. Stacks are widely used in various applications, such as function call management, expression evaluation, and backtracking algorithms. In C++, the Standard Template Library (STL) provides a built-in stack class that simplifies stack operations.

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#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
stack<int> intStack;
bool yesNo;
string yesNoString;

// adds to the stack
intStack.push(12);
intStack.push(22);
intStack.push(34);
intStack.push(89);

// (condition) ? (if_true) : (if_false)
// yesNo = intStack.empty();
intStack.empty() == 1 ? yesNoString = "true" : yesNoString = "false";
cout << "EMPTY: " << yesNoString << endl;
cout << "SIZE: " << intStack.size() << endl;
cout << "TOP: " << intStack.top() << endl;

intStack.pop();
intStack.pop();

intStack.empty() == 1 ? yesNoString = "true" : yesNoString = "false";
cout << "EMPTY: " << yesNoString << endl;
cout << "SIZE: " << intStack.size() << endl;
cout << "TOP: " << intStack.top() << endl;

intStack.pop();
intStack.pop();

intStack.empty() == 1 ? yesNoString = "true" : yesNoString = "false";
cout << "EMPTY: " << yesNoString << endl;
cout << "SIZE: " << intStack.size() << endl;

}

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Written in
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