BIOS 2210 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE
ANSWERS RATED A+
3 domains - ANSWER archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
archaea - ANSWER unicellular prokaryotic microbes; none have been identified as human
pathogens; cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, but are often composed of a similar
subsistence called pseudopeptidoglycan
bacteria - ANSWER most are harmless or helpful, but some are pathogens; prokaryotic due to
genetic material (DNA) but is not housed within a true nucleus; most have cell walls
containing peptidoglycan
eukarya - ANSWER eukaryotes
scientific nomenclature - ANSWER species is capitalized, genus is lowercase (e.g., Homo
sapiens)
prokaryotic cell structures - ANSWER no nucleus (nucleoid); no membrane bound organelles;
single chromosome; simple flagella; circular DNA; smaller and unicellular; smaller ribosomes
eukaryotic cell structures - ANSWER nucleus; membrane bound organelles (cell wall);
chromosomes in pairs; complex flagella; complex DNA; larger and multicellular; larger
,ribosomes; *mitochondria
light microscope - ANSWER microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or
more lenses to magnify an object
brightfield microscope - ANSWER most common; compound microscope using 2 lenses that
produce a dark image on a bright background
chromophores - ANSWER pigments that absorb and reflect particular wavelengths of light;
different colors can behave differently when they interact with chromophores
darkfield microscope - ANSWER brightfield microscope that has a small but significant
modification to the condenser
light microscope: phase-contrast - ANSWER use refraction and interference caused by
structures in a specimen to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining;
oldest an simplest
light microscope: differential interference contrast (DIC) - ANSWER 2 beams of light are
created in which the direction of wave movement (polarization) differs
light microscope: fluorescence - ANSWER uses fluorescent chromophores (fluorochromes)
capable of absorbing energy from a light source and them emitting this energy as visible light
, immunofluorescence - ANSWER used to identify certain disease-causing microbes by
observing whether antibodies bind to them
immunofluorescence: direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) - ANSWER specific antibodies
are stained with a fluorochrome- if the specimen contains the targeted pathogen, one can
observe the antibodies binding to the pathogen under the fluorescent microscope (called a
primary antibody stain because the stained antibodies directly attach to the pathogen
immunofluorescence: indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) - ANSWER secondary
antibodies are stained with a fluorochrome rather than primary antibodies- secondary
antibodies do not directly attach to the pathogen, but they do bind to primary antibodies
(secondary antibodies are attached indirectly)
light microscope: confocal microscope - ANSWER uses a laser to scan multiple z-planes
successively, producing numerous 2D, high-contrast images at various depths that can be
constructed into 3D images by a computer, making this useful for examining thick specimens
(like biofilms)
light microscope: two-photon - ANSWER uses a scanning technique, fluorochromes and
long-wavelength like (such as infrared) to penetrate deep into thick specimens (like biofilms)
electron microscope: transmission electron (TEM) - ANSWER uses electron beams that pass
through a specimen to visualize small images; useful to observe small, thin specimens such as
tissue sections and subcellular structures
ANSWERS RATED A+
3 domains - ANSWER archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
archaea - ANSWER unicellular prokaryotic microbes; none have been identified as human
pathogens; cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, but are often composed of a similar
subsistence called pseudopeptidoglycan
bacteria - ANSWER most are harmless or helpful, but some are pathogens; prokaryotic due to
genetic material (DNA) but is not housed within a true nucleus; most have cell walls
containing peptidoglycan
eukarya - ANSWER eukaryotes
scientific nomenclature - ANSWER species is capitalized, genus is lowercase (e.g., Homo
sapiens)
prokaryotic cell structures - ANSWER no nucleus (nucleoid); no membrane bound organelles;
single chromosome; simple flagella; circular DNA; smaller and unicellular; smaller ribosomes
eukaryotic cell structures - ANSWER nucleus; membrane bound organelles (cell wall);
chromosomes in pairs; complex flagella; complex DNA; larger and multicellular; larger
,ribosomes; *mitochondria
light microscope - ANSWER microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or
more lenses to magnify an object
brightfield microscope - ANSWER most common; compound microscope using 2 lenses that
produce a dark image on a bright background
chromophores - ANSWER pigments that absorb and reflect particular wavelengths of light;
different colors can behave differently when they interact with chromophores
darkfield microscope - ANSWER brightfield microscope that has a small but significant
modification to the condenser
light microscope: phase-contrast - ANSWER use refraction and interference caused by
structures in a specimen to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining;
oldest an simplest
light microscope: differential interference contrast (DIC) - ANSWER 2 beams of light are
created in which the direction of wave movement (polarization) differs
light microscope: fluorescence - ANSWER uses fluorescent chromophores (fluorochromes)
capable of absorbing energy from a light source and them emitting this energy as visible light
, immunofluorescence - ANSWER used to identify certain disease-causing microbes by
observing whether antibodies bind to them
immunofluorescence: direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) - ANSWER specific antibodies
are stained with a fluorochrome- if the specimen contains the targeted pathogen, one can
observe the antibodies binding to the pathogen under the fluorescent microscope (called a
primary antibody stain because the stained antibodies directly attach to the pathogen
immunofluorescence: indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) - ANSWER secondary
antibodies are stained with a fluorochrome rather than primary antibodies- secondary
antibodies do not directly attach to the pathogen, but they do bind to primary antibodies
(secondary antibodies are attached indirectly)
light microscope: confocal microscope - ANSWER uses a laser to scan multiple z-planes
successively, producing numerous 2D, high-contrast images at various depths that can be
constructed into 3D images by a computer, making this useful for examining thick specimens
(like biofilms)
light microscope: two-photon - ANSWER uses a scanning technique, fluorochromes and
long-wavelength like (such as infrared) to penetrate deep into thick specimens (like biofilms)
electron microscope: transmission electron (TEM) - ANSWER uses electron beams that pass
through a specimen to visualize small images; useful to observe small, thin specimens such as
tissue sections and subcellular structures
