USAHS CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
During the migration and aggregation phase of embryological development the cells
migrate/aggregate within _________ locations. - ANSWER-Definitive
True or false:
Cranial nerves are formed during the formation of axonal and dendritic processes phase
of embryological development. - ANSWER-True
What are the 5 steps of neurological development in order? - ANSWER-Neurulation,
cell proliferation, migration and aggregation, formation of axonal and dendritic
processes, and synaptogenesis
______________ involves the formation of the neural crest and neural tube. -
ANSWER-Neurulation
Cell proliferation occurs within the ________ _______. - ANSWER-Neural tube
____________ occurs around day 14 of development. - ANSWER-Neurulation
What are the derivatives of the neural tube and neural crest? - ANSWER-Neural tube:
spinal cord (central canal)
Neural crest: peripheral nerve ganglia
The anterior commissure is _________ to the posterior commissure. - ANSWER-
Rostral
The thalamus is ________to the frontal lobe. - ANSWER-Caudal
The cerebellum is _________ to the pons. - ANSWER-Dorsal
The anterior horn of the SC is _________ to the posterior horn of the SC. - ANSWER-
Ventral
During the __________ ___________ phase of embryological development the sulcus
limitans pushes bilaterally inside of the neural tube and starts to divide the tube into a
ventral and dorsal portion. - ANSWER-Cell proliferation (ventral portion= baslar plate;
efferent motor and the dorsal portion= alar plate; sensory)
During __________ the embryo is in the process of gastrolation. - ANSWER-
Neurulation
,The __________ is three cell layers thick and includes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm. - ANSWER-Gastrula
The entire nervous system is derived from the ____________ ___________. -
ANSWER-Embryonic ectoderm
On day _____ the notochord develops followed by the neural tube on day _______. -
ANSWER-21, 28
The _______ ________ develops into the the entire CNS. - ANSWER-Neural tube
Neural crest cells develop into the ______. - ANSWER-PNS
What two pathologies can occur during the first stage of embryological development? -
ANSWER-Spina bifida (failure of POSTERIOR neuropore to close) and anencephaly
(failure of the ANTERIOR neuropore to close)
What does the prosencephalon divide into? - ANSWER-telencephalon and
diencephalon
What are the derivatives of the telencephalon and diencephalon? - ANSWER-
telencephalon: rhinoencephalon (lateral ventricles)
diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic nerves, neurohypophysis, and pineal
gland (third ventricle)
What is the derivative of the mesencephalon? - ANSWER-Midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
What does the rhombencephalon divide into? - ANSWER-metencephalon and
myelencephalon
What are the derivatives of the metencephalon and myelencephalon? - ANSWER-
Metencephalon: cerebellum and pons (fourth ventricle)
Myelencephalon: medulla (fourth ventricle)
What does the primitive neural tube divide into? - ANSWER-Neural tube and neural
crest
During the cell proliferation phase the innermost layer (ependyaml aka germinal)
creates the lining of the __________. - ANSWER-Ventricles (helps the cilia)
During the cell proliferation phase the intermediate layer becomes the ___________. -
ANSWER-Mantle (gray matter)
, During the cell proliferation phase the marginal layer becomes ________ ________. -
ANSWER-White matter
During _________ migration the cells travel up the telencephalon from the SC. -
ANSWER-Radial
During ______________ migration the cells travel within the brain stem. This occurs
late in the migration process. - ANSWER-Tangential
What two defects can occur in the migration phase of embryological development? -
ANSWER-Dyslexia and lissencephaly (smooth brain = low IQ)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 14 weeks CN's
_______, _______, ______, ______, and _____ form. - ANSWER-5, 7, 9, 10, and 12
(swallow/gag)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 25 weeks CN's
________ _______ ______ and _____ form. - ANSWER-2, 3, 4, and 6 (visual motor)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 28 weeks CN ______
forms. - ANSWER-8 (hearing)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 31-32 weeks CN
______ forms. - ANSWER-1 (smell)
During the synaptogenesis phase of embryological development the basis of
____________ ___________ is formed. - ANSWER-Neural plasticity (correlated with
known types of permanent learning)
The telencephalon and diencephalon comprise the _____________. - ANSWER-
Forebrain
What makes up the brain stem? - ANSWER-midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (vital
survival function)
The diencephalon is comprised of the _____________ and ______________. -
ANSWER-Thalamus, hypothalamus
The ___________ _______________ creates CSF. - ANSWER-Choroid plexus
The CSF circulation pathway - ANSWER-lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, cerebral
aqueduct, 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, blood supply, drainage
Brodmann's areas 1, 2, and 3 - ANSWER-Location: postcentral gyrus
Functional area: primary somatosensory cortex
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
During the migration and aggregation phase of embryological development the cells
migrate/aggregate within _________ locations. - ANSWER-Definitive
True or false:
Cranial nerves are formed during the formation of axonal and dendritic processes phase
of embryological development. - ANSWER-True
What are the 5 steps of neurological development in order? - ANSWER-Neurulation,
cell proliferation, migration and aggregation, formation of axonal and dendritic
processes, and synaptogenesis
______________ involves the formation of the neural crest and neural tube. -
ANSWER-Neurulation
Cell proliferation occurs within the ________ _______. - ANSWER-Neural tube
____________ occurs around day 14 of development. - ANSWER-Neurulation
What are the derivatives of the neural tube and neural crest? - ANSWER-Neural tube:
spinal cord (central canal)
Neural crest: peripheral nerve ganglia
The anterior commissure is _________ to the posterior commissure. - ANSWER-
Rostral
The thalamus is ________to the frontal lobe. - ANSWER-Caudal
The cerebellum is _________ to the pons. - ANSWER-Dorsal
The anterior horn of the SC is _________ to the posterior horn of the SC. - ANSWER-
Ventral
During the __________ ___________ phase of embryological development the sulcus
limitans pushes bilaterally inside of the neural tube and starts to divide the tube into a
ventral and dorsal portion. - ANSWER-Cell proliferation (ventral portion= baslar plate;
efferent motor and the dorsal portion= alar plate; sensory)
During __________ the embryo is in the process of gastrolation. - ANSWER-
Neurulation
,The __________ is three cell layers thick and includes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm. - ANSWER-Gastrula
The entire nervous system is derived from the ____________ ___________. -
ANSWER-Embryonic ectoderm
On day _____ the notochord develops followed by the neural tube on day _______. -
ANSWER-21, 28
The _______ ________ develops into the the entire CNS. - ANSWER-Neural tube
Neural crest cells develop into the ______. - ANSWER-PNS
What two pathologies can occur during the first stage of embryological development? -
ANSWER-Spina bifida (failure of POSTERIOR neuropore to close) and anencephaly
(failure of the ANTERIOR neuropore to close)
What does the prosencephalon divide into? - ANSWER-telencephalon and
diencephalon
What are the derivatives of the telencephalon and diencephalon? - ANSWER-
telencephalon: rhinoencephalon (lateral ventricles)
diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic nerves, neurohypophysis, and pineal
gland (third ventricle)
What is the derivative of the mesencephalon? - ANSWER-Midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
What does the rhombencephalon divide into? - ANSWER-metencephalon and
myelencephalon
What are the derivatives of the metencephalon and myelencephalon? - ANSWER-
Metencephalon: cerebellum and pons (fourth ventricle)
Myelencephalon: medulla (fourth ventricle)
What does the primitive neural tube divide into? - ANSWER-Neural tube and neural
crest
During the cell proliferation phase the innermost layer (ependyaml aka germinal)
creates the lining of the __________. - ANSWER-Ventricles (helps the cilia)
During the cell proliferation phase the intermediate layer becomes the ___________. -
ANSWER-Mantle (gray matter)
, During the cell proliferation phase the marginal layer becomes ________ ________. -
ANSWER-White matter
During _________ migration the cells travel up the telencephalon from the SC. -
ANSWER-Radial
During ______________ migration the cells travel within the brain stem. This occurs
late in the migration process. - ANSWER-Tangential
What two defects can occur in the migration phase of embryological development? -
ANSWER-Dyslexia and lissencephaly (smooth brain = low IQ)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 14 weeks CN's
_______, _______, ______, ______, and _____ form. - ANSWER-5, 7, 9, 10, and 12
(swallow/gag)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 25 weeks CN's
________ _______ ______ and _____ form. - ANSWER-2, 3, 4, and 6 (visual motor)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 28 weeks CN ______
forms. - ANSWER-8 (hearing)
During the differentiation phase of embryological development at 31-32 weeks CN
______ forms. - ANSWER-1 (smell)
During the synaptogenesis phase of embryological development the basis of
____________ ___________ is formed. - ANSWER-Neural plasticity (correlated with
known types of permanent learning)
The telencephalon and diencephalon comprise the _____________. - ANSWER-
Forebrain
What makes up the brain stem? - ANSWER-midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (vital
survival function)
The diencephalon is comprised of the _____________ and ______________. -
ANSWER-Thalamus, hypothalamus
The ___________ _______________ creates CSF. - ANSWER-Choroid plexus
The CSF circulation pathway - ANSWER-lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, cerebral
aqueduct, 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, blood supply, drainage
Brodmann's areas 1, 2, and 3 - ANSWER-Location: postcentral gyrus
Functional area: primary somatosensory cortex
