NMNC 3210 EXAM 2 | EVERY QUESTION SOLVED |
EVERY SCORE SECURED!
Risk factors for constipation in: ELDERLY - Answer: Decreased peristalsis (atrophy of
smooth muscles), decreased cognition (dementia or injury), reduced mucous
secretions.
Risk factors for constipation in: CHILDREN - Answer: development (still progressing),
low maturation, "hold it" until impaction
Risk factors for constipation in: PREGNANCY - Answer: Iron in diet, lack of peristalsis
What is important in an elimination history to obtain? - Answer: Ask about patterns of
bowel or stool elimination (frequency, appearance of stool or urine, and associated
symptoms)
Changes in diet
Changes in health status (cognition, mobility, functional ability, or medical conditions)
Changes in medication or new medications
Voluntary or involuntary emptying of bowels or bladder
Urinary incontinence (underreported phenomenon)
Colon Cancer Screening - Answer: Starts as polyps on inner lining of colon - invades
and penetrates the wall of the colon/rectum - gain lymph nodes and vascular system
and spread to distant sites (metastasized). (occurs slowly)
Screening can prevent the development of cancer by removing precancerous polyps
and reduces mortality.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
Colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)
1
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,Colon Cancer Risks - Answer: Risk of colon cancer increases with age.
Related to diet, physical inactivity, and increasing rates of obesity.
Hereditary (KRAS gene = regulating cell division)
Maintain a healthy weight, physically active, limit alcohol use, no smoking, eating diet
high in fruits, vegetables, and grains).
Colon Cancer - Answer: Third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and third most
common cancers in men and women. (more common in men than women)
Colon Cancer Treatments - Answer: Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or
radiation therapy.
Colon Cancer Signs - Answer: Early manifestation is anemia (due to bleeding in both
right and left side of colon), hematochezia develops (fresh blood in stool), palpable
abdominal mass, distention, ascites, liver metastasis, and pallor.
Diarrhea Patho - Answer: Passage of at least 3 loose or liquid stools per day. (Acute or
chronic).
Diarrhea Cause - Answer: ingesting infectious organisms (viruses or bacteria) which
causes inflammation, immunocompromised, elderly, gastric acidity, drugs, and food
intolerances.
Diarrhea Effects - Answer: Low grade fever, N & V, increased acid in stomach
(metabolic acidosis), leukocytes parasites blood and mucus might be present in the
stool, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance (loss of sodium, loss of potassium, loss of
calcium, loss of phosphate, and loss of magnesium)
Diarrhea Treatment - Answer: Preventing transmission, replacing fluids and electrolytes,
protecting the skin from breakdown
Glucose or electrolyte fluids replace losses
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Parenteral fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrition.
Antidiarrheal
Avoid foods high in fat and milk products
AV fistulas (assessment of), care and nursing interventions. - Answer: Arteriovenous
fistula - created in the forearm or upper arm with an anastomosis between an artery and
a vein. It allows blood to flow through the vein. The arterial blood flow is essential to
provide the rapid blood flow needed for HD. AFV should be placed 3 months before
starting HD.
NEVER perform BP measurements, IV line insertions, or venipuncture in an extremity
with AV access.
Prevent infection and clotting
Place medic band on patient's arm with AFV.
Watch for central venous stenosis (CVS) or occlusions.
Assess for distal ischemia and pain due to arterial blood being shunted or stolen from
distal extremities. (numbness, tingling of fingers, poor capillary refill, and aneurysms if
left untreated).
Functional Incontinence - Answer: loss of urine resulting from cognitive, functional, or
environmental factors
Functional Incontinence Causes - Answer: Older adults and cognitive problems
(dementia)
Functional Incontinence Interventions - Answer: modifying the environment to allow
easy access to toilet and promote patient safety & including better lighting, ambulatory
assistance equipment, clothing alterations, timed voiding, and different toileting
equipment
Incontinence after surgery or trauma - Answer: vesicovaginal or urethrovaginal fistula
may occur, change in continence involves proximal urethral sphincter and distal urethral
sphincter
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
EVERY SCORE SECURED!
Risk factors for constipation in: ELDERLY - Answer: Decreased peristalsis (atrophy of
smooth muscles), decreased cognition (dementia or injury), reduced mucous
secretions.
Risk factors for constipation in: CHILDREN - Answer: development (still progressing),
low maturation, "hold it" until impaction
Risk factors for constipation in: PREGNANCY - Answer: Iron in diet, lack of peristalsis
What is important in an elimination history to obtain? - Answer: Ask about patterns of
bowel or stool elimination (frequency, appearance of stool or urine, and associated
symptoms)
Changes in diet
Changes in health status (cognition, mobility, functional ability, or medical conditions)
Changes in medication or new medications
Voluntary or involuntary emptying of bowels or bladder
Urinary incontinence (underreported phenomenon)
Colon Cancer Screening - Answer: Starts as polyps on inner lining of colon - invades
and penetrates the wall of the colon/rectum - gain lymph nodes and vascular system
and spread to distant sites (metastasized). (occurs slowly)
Screening can prevent the development of cancer by removing precancerous polyps
and reduces mortality.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
Colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
,Colon Cancer Risks - Answer: Risk of colon cancer increases with age.
Related to diet, physical inactivity, and increasing rates of obesity.
Hereditary (KRAS gene = regulating cell division)
Maintain a healthy weight, physically active, limit alcohol use, no smoking, eating diet
high in fruits, vegetables, and grains).
Colon Cancer - Answer: Third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and third most
common cancers in men and women. (more common in men than women)
Colon Cancer Treatments - Answer: Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or
radiation therapy.
Colon Cancer Signs - Answer: Early manifestation is anemia (due to bleeding in both
right and left side of colon), hematochezia develops (fresh blood in stool), palpable
abdominal mass, distention, ascites, liver metastasis, and pallor.
Diarrhea Patho - Answer: Passage of at least 3 loose or liquid stools per day. (Acute or
chronic).
Diarrhea Cause - Answer: ingesting infectious organisms (viruses or bacteria) which
causes inflammation, immunocompromised, elderly, gastric acidity, drugs, and food
intolerances.
Diarrhea Effects - Answer: Low grade fever, N & V, increased acid in stomach
(metabolic acidosis), leukocytes parasites blood and mucus might be present in the
stool, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance (loss of sodium, loss of potassium, loss of
calcium, loss of phosphate, and loss of magnesium)
Diarrhea Treatment - Answer: Preventing transmission, replacing fluids and electrolytes,
protecting the skin from breakdown
Glucose or electrolyte fluids replace losses
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Parenteral fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrition.
Antidiarrheal
Avoid foods high in fat and milk products
AV fistulas (assessment of), care and nursing interventions. - Answer: Arteriovenous
fistula - created in the forearm or upper arm with an anastomosis between an artery and
a vein. It allows blood to flow through the vein. The arterial blood flow is essential to
provide the rapid blood flow needed for HD. AFV should be placed 3 months before
starting HD.
NEVER perform BP measurements, IV line insertions, or venipuncture in an extremity
with AV access.
Prevent infection and clotting
Place medic band on patient's arm with AFV.
Watch for central venous stenosis (CVS) or occlusions.
Assess for distal ischemia and pain due to arterial blood being shunted or stolen from
distal extremities. (numbness, tingling of fingers, poor capillary refill, and aneurysms if
left untreated).
Functional Incontinence - Answer: loss of urine resulting from cognitive, functional, or
environmental factors
Functional Incontinence Causes - Answer: Older adults and cognitive problems
(dementia)
Functional Incontinence Interventions - Answer: modifying the environment to allow
easy access to toilet and promote patient safety & including better lighting, ambulatory
assistance equipment, clothing alterations, timed voiding, and different toileting
equipment
Incontinence after surgery or trauma - Answer: vesicovaginal or urethrovaginal fistula
may occur, change in continence involves proximal urethral sphincter and distal urethral
sphincter
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
