PM 512 Midterm 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Detailed Answers | Get it
100% Correct Answers
Epidemiology - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states or events in human populations
Descriptive studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Examine patterns and do not test a
priori hypotheses. Involves hypothesis generation and usually done when
not much is known about the natural history or etiology of disease
Analytic Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔test hypotheses without intervention
Experimental Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔test hypotheses with intervention
Advantages of Observational Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Investigators do not
expose individuals to hazardous substances.
,No randomization of participants to expsoures and or treatments that are
considered less beneficial than the current standard.
Less participation and cooperation required
Findings may reflect more real life expected association than lab
experiments
Disadvantages of Observational Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔More variation in
"other" factors
Conclusions may be less clear and results less consistent between studies
Attempt to control for other factors may not always be complete
Natural History of Disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Induction, latency, expression
,Exposure to a causal factor (start of etiologic process) --> initiation of
disease (start of pathology)-->signs and symptoms (clinical detection
possible) --> outcome (death, recovery with or without disability)
Primary Prevention - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔definition: reduce risk factors
aims: to prevent disease onset
modes of intervention: health ed, envir hazards, immunizations
Secondary Prevention - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔definition: screening early
detection
aims: to improve outcome with early treatment
modes of intervention: screening plus early diagnosis and treatment
Tertiary Prevention - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔definition: reduce chronic disease
aims: to limit disability and delay progression
modes of intervention: rehab, phys therapy, restorative therapy
Study population - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(sample): Subjects who we have
included in our study and on whom we have collected and analyzed data.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Source Population - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(eligible to be in study): people who
meet criteria (e.g. geography, gender, age) to be in study.
Base population - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(underlying population at risk) people
who would be in study if they developed the disease.
Target population - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(ultimate population of interest) people
about whom we would like to make causal inference
Causal Inference - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Is the exposure associated with the
disease?
Causal Criteria - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔üTemporal relationship
•"Did exposure occur before the disease?"
üStrength
•"Is association strong (not by p-value)?"
üDose response
•"If level of exposure goes up, does the risk of disease go up?"
üBiological
•"Biological explanation?"
Questions and Detailed Answers | Get it
100% Correct Answers
Epidemiology - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states or events in human populations
Descriptive studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Examine patterns and do not test a
priori hypotheses. Involves hypothesis generation and usually done when
not much is known about the natural history or etiology of disease
Analytic Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔test hypotheses without intervention
Experimental Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔test hypotheses with intervention
Advantages of Observational Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Investigators do not
expose individuals to hazardous substances.
,No randomization of participants to expsoures and or treatments that are
considered less beneficial than the current standard.
Less participation and cooperation required
Findings may reflect more real life expected association than lab
experiments
Disadvantages of Observational Studies - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔More variation in
"other" factors
Conclusions may be less clear and results less consistent between studies
Attempt to control for other factors may not always be complete
Natural History of Disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Induction, latency, expression
,Exposure to a causal factor (start of etiologic process) --> initiation of
disease (start of pathology)-->signs and symptoms (clinical detection
possible) --> outcome (death, recovery with or without disability)
Primary Prevention - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔definition: reduce risk factors
aims: to prevent disease onset
modes of intervention: health ed, envir hazards, immunizations
Secondary Prevention - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔definition: screening early
detection
aims: to improve outcome with early treatment
modes of intervention: screening plus early diagnosis and treatment
Tertiary Prevention - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔definition: reduce chronic disease
aims: to limit disability and delay progression
modes of intervention: rehab, phys therapy, restorative therapy
Study population - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(sample): Subjects who we have
included in our study and on whom we have collected and analyzed data.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Source Population - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(eligible to be in study): people who
meet criteria (e.g. geography, gender, age) to be in study.
Base population - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(underlying population at risk) people
who would be in study if they developed the disease.
Target population - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔(ultimate population of interest) people
about whom we would like to make causal inference
Causal Inference - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Is the exposure associated with the
disease?
Causal Criteria - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔üTemporal relationship
•"Did exposure occur before the disease?"
üStrength
•"Is association strong (not by p-value)?"
üDose response
•"If level of exposure goes up, does the risk of disease go up?"
üBiological
•"Biological explanation?"
