NMNC 3210 - EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2025-2026
How is fluid balance maintained in the body? - Answers Electrolytes help maintain fluid levels.
Kidneys help maintain electrolyte levels - filtration of electrolytes and water occur from blood,
some being returned to blood, and rest excreted with urine.
What is the role of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)? - Answers Regulates/balances water level in
blood.
Acts to maintain BP, volume, and tissue water.
Seen in concentration of urine.
Produced by the Hypothalamus - stored in Pituitary Gland, which directs the Kidney on how
much *water is needed to be conserved.
What happens if there is a decrease in Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume? Or if the ECF becomes
hypertonic? - Answers Osmoreceptors, within Hypothalamus, stimulate Pituitary to increase
antidiuretic hormones to be secreted.
"DON'T PEE HORMONE"
Alters renal collecting duct permeability - water to be reabsorbed or eliminated. Retention
increases fluid volume and BP - decreasing urine ouput.
What is the mnuemonic for Hypokalemia? - Answers "Body is trying to DITCH potassium"
Drugs (laxatives/diuretics)
Inadequate intake of K+ (anorexia/nausea)
Too much water intake (diulting K+)
Cushings syndrome (high secretion of Aldosterone)
Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, wound drainage)
Other causes of Hypokalemia? - Answers Alkalosis and Hyperinsulinism
What does the pulse feel like with Hypokalemia? - Answers Weak. Irregular and thready
,What are the 7 L's of Hypokalemia? - Answers Lethargic
Low shallow respiratory
Lethal cardiac changes
Loss of urine
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low BP and HR
What drugs are potassium sparing? - Answers Spironolactone, aldactone, maxide, and
triamterene
How is electrolyte balance maintained in the body? - Answers By the Kidneys - filters
electrolytes and water from blood. Some returned to blood and some excreted through urine.
Role of sodium? - Answers Regulates fluid balance
Role of calcium? - Answers Blood coagulation
Role of potassium? - Answers Cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction
Role of magnesium? - Answers Immune function
Role of phosphorus? - Answers Acid-Base balance
Normal levels of potassium? - Answers 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
"Cardiac Rhythm"
Where can potassium be found and what is its function? - Answers Intracellular and generates
electrical impulses in the body to allow muscles and the brain to function.
Hyperkalemia - Answers Too much potassium. Causes abnormal electrical conduction of the
heart (dysrhythmia), Kidney failure.
*Heart and GI are tight and contracted - causing confusion, diarrhea, hyperactive bowel
syndrome, muscle weakness, and sometimes paralysis of extremities
Hypokalemia - Answers To little potassium. Caused from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and
drugs - diuretic or laxatives.
, *Heart is low and slow - weak pulse, constipation, and polyuria (large volumes of dilute urine).
Normal sodium levels? - Answers 135-145 mEq/L
"Fluid Balance"
Where is sodium found and what is its function? - Answers Extracellular/plasma of the
bloodstream. Regulates water and helps with electrical signals within body - allows muscles to
fire and brain to work.
Hypernatremia - Answers *BIG AND BLOATED
Too much sodium.
Symptoms: poyldipsia (abnormal thirst), flushed, edema, low grade fever. Late signs: swollen
tongue, nausea/vomiting (N/V), increased muscle tone.
Hyponatremia - Answers *DEPRESSED AND DELFATED
Not enough sodium - also known as water intoxication.
Symptoms: Nausea, seizure, coma, Tachycardia, weak thready pulse, Respiratory distress
Normal calcium levels? - Answers 9.0-10.5 mg/dL
"Blood coagulation" &
"Bones, Blood, and Beats"
How are calcium levels controlled? - Answers Calcitonin controls this electrolytes level -
promoting bone growth and decreasing the electrolytes level in the blood - whereas the
parathyroid hormone does the opposite.
How is fluid balance maintained in the body? - Answers Electrolytes help maintain fluid levels.
Kidneys help maintain electrolyte levels - filtration of electrolytes and water occur from blood,
some being returned to blood, and rest excreted with urine.
What is the role of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)? - Answers Regulates/balances water level in
blood.
Acts to maintain BP, volume, and tissue water.
Seen in concentration of urine.
Produced by the Hypothalamus - stored in Pituitary Gland, which directs the Kidney on how
much *water is needed to be conserved.
What happens if there is a decrease in Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume? Or if the ECF becomes
hypertonic? - Answers Osmoreceptors, within Hypothalamus, stimulate Pituitary to increase
antidiuretic hormones to be secreted.
"DON'T PEE HORMONE"
Alters renal collecting duct permeability - water to be reabsorbed or eliminated. Retention
increases fluid volume and BP - decreasing urine ouput.
What is the mnuemonic for Hypokalemia? - Answers "Body is trying to DITCH potassium"
Drugs (laxatives/diuretics)
Inadequate intake of K+ (anorexia/nausea)
Too much water intake (diulting K+)
Cushings syndrome (high secretion of Aldosterone)
Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, wound drainage)
Other causes of Hypokalemia? - Answers Alkalosis and Hyperinsulinism
What does the pulse feel like with Hypokalemia? - Answers Weak. Irregular and thready
,What are the 7 L's of Hypokalemia? - Answers Lethargic
Low shallow respiratory
Lethal cardiac changes
Loss of urine
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low BP and HR
What drugs are potassium sparing? - Answers Spironolactone, aldactone, maxide, and
triamterene
How is electrolyte balance maintained in the body? - Answers By the Kidneys - filters
electrolytes and water from blood. Some returned to blood and some excreted through urine.
Role of sodium? - Answers Regulates fluid balance
Role of calcium? - Answers Blood coagulation
Role of potassium? - Answers Cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction
Role of magnesium? - Answers Immune function
Role of phosphorus? - Answers Acid-Base balance
Normal levels of potassium? - Answers 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
"Cardiac Rhythm"
Where can potassium be found and what is its function? - Answers Intracellular and generates
electrical impulses in the body to allow muscles and the brain to function.
Hyperkalemia - Answers Too much potassium. Causes abnormal electrical conduction of the
heart (dysrhythmia), Kidney failure.
*Heart and GI are tight and contracted - causing confusion, diarrhea, hyperactive bowel
syndrome, muscle weakness, and sometimes paralysis of extremities
Hypokalemia - Answers To little potassium. Caused from vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and
drugs - diuretic or laxatives.
, *Heart is low and slow - weak pulse, constipation, and polyuria (large volumes of dilute urine).
Normal sodium levels? - Answers 135-145 mEq/L
"Fluid Balance"
Where is sodium found and what is its function? - Answers Extracellular/plasma of the
bloodstream. Regulates water and helps with electrical signals within body - allows muscles to
fire and brain to work.
Hypernatremia - Answers *BIG AND BLOATED
Too much sodium.
Symptoms: poyldipsia (abnormal thirst), flushed, edema, low grade fever. Late signs: swollen
tongue, nausea/vomiting (N/V), increased muscle tone.
Hyponatremia - Answers *DEPRESSED AND DELFATED
Not enough sodium - also known as water intoxication.
Symptoms: Nausea, seizure, coma, Tachycardia, weak thready pulse, Respiratory distress
Normal calcium levels? - Answers 9.0-10.5 mg/dL
"Blood coagulation" &
"Bones, Blood, and Beats"
How are calcium levels controlled? - Answers Calcitonin controls this electrolytes level -
promoting bone growth and decreasing the electrolytes level in the blood - whereas the
parathyroid hormone does the opposite.
