NURS 2502: Exam 3 Complete Study
Guide Exam 2026 Questions and Answers
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - Correct answer-Progressive, irreversible loss of
renal function over months/years.
Chronic Kidney Disease Occurrence - Correct answer->75% function lost; chronic
if ≥90-95% loss.
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease - Correct answer-Diabetes mellitus (most
common), Hypertension, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, Chronic
obstruction (BPH, stones), Recurrent pyelonephritis.
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease - Correct answer-DM, HTN, CVD,
smoking, obesity, African American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian descent,
Family history, older age.
Renal Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Hyponatremia, poor turgor,
confusion, Salt overload → edema, Hyperkalemia → muscle weakness, cardiac
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,arrhythmias, Metabolic acidosis, Proteinuria, glycosuria, RBCs, WBCs, and casts
in urine.
Cardiovascular Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Hypertension, CHF,
dysrhythmias, pericardial effusion, edema.
Neurologic Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Burning, paresthesias, muscle
cramping, Short attention span, apathy, seizures, coma.
GI Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Stomatitis, ulcers, vomiting, uremic
breath odor, Constipation, pancreatitis.
Respiratory Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Dyspnea, pulmonary edema,
pleural effusion, Kussmaul respirations.
Endocrine Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Amenorrhea, impotence,
abnormal thyroid/parathyroid function.
Hematologic Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Anemia (↓ erythropoietin),
bleeding, bruising.
Skin/Skeletal Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Yellow-gray skin, uremic
frost, pruritus, Bone pain, demineralization, pathological fractures.
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, Lab Findings in CKD - Correct answer-↑ BUN: >20 mg/dL; dialysis if >70 mg/dL,
↑ Creatinine: >1.5 mg/dL; dialysis if >10× normal, ↓ Creatinine clearance: <100
mL/min = renal impairment, ↑ K⁺, ↓ Ca²⁺, ↑ phosphate, metabolic acidosis.
Treatment for CKD - Correct answer-IV glucose + insulin → shift K⁺ into cells,
Sodium bicarbonate for acidosis, Calcium + vitamin D supplements, Phosphate
binders (sevelamer, calcium acetate), Fluid restriction, diuretics, Iron, blood
transfusions, erythropoietin, High carb, low protein diet, Dialysis when all else
fails.
Dietary Guidelines for CKD - Correct answer-Milk: Limit ½ cup/day. Avoid
buttermilk, chocolate milk, Protein: 6-8 oz/day of lean meat, eggs, seafood. Avoid
processed/salted meats, Starches: 6-8 servings/day (unsalted), Vegetables: Choose
low-potassium (carrots, cucumbers, cabbage).
Fluid Restriction - Correct answer-Restrict to urine output + 1000 mL/day.
Hemodialysis - Correct answer-Removes waste, fluid, and electrolytes via vascular
access.
Temporary Access Types - Correct answer-Subclavian/femoral.
Permanent Access Types - Correct answer-AV fistula/shunt.
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Guide Exam 2026 Questions and Answers
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - Correct answer-Progressive, irreversible loss of
renal function over months/years.
Chronic Kidney Disease Occurrence - Correct answer->75% function lost; chronic
if ≥90-95% loss.
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease - Correct answer-Diabetes mellitus (most
common), Hypertension, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, Chronic
obstruction (BPH, stones), Recurrent pyelonephritis.
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease - Correct answer-DM, HTN, CVD,
smoking, obesity, African American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian descent,
Family history, older age.
Renal Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Hyponatremia, poor turgor,
confusion, Salt overload → edema, Hyperkalemia → muscle weakness, cardiac
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,arrhythmias, Metabolic acidosis, Proteinuria, glycosuria, RBCs, WBCs, and casts
in urine.
Cardiovascular Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Hypertension, CHF,
dysrhythmias, pericardial effusion, edema.
Neurologic Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Burning, paresthesias, muscle
cramping, Short attention span, apathy, seizures, coma.
GI Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Stomatitis, ulcers, vomiting, uremic
breath odor, Constipation, pancreatitis.
Respiratory Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Dyspnea, pulmonary edema,
pleural effusion, Kussmaul respirations.
Endocrine Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Amenorrhea, impotence,
abnormal thyroid/parathyroid function.
Hematologic Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Anemia (↓ erythropoietin),
bleeding, bruising.
Skin/Skeletal Clinical Manifestations - Correct answer-Yellow-gray skin, uremic
frost, pruritus, Bone pain, demineralization, pathological fractures.
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, Lab Findings in CKD - Correct answer-↑ BUN: >20 mg/dL; dialysis if >70 mg/dL,
↑ Creatinine: >1.5 mg/dL; dialysis if >10× normal, ↓ Creatinine clearance: <100
mL/min = renal impairment, ↑ K⁺, ↓ Ca²⁺, ↑ phosphate, metabolic acidosis.
Treatment for CKD - Correct answer-IV glucose + insulin → shift K⁺ into cells,
Sodium bicarbonate for acidosis, Calcium + vitamin D supplements, Phosphate
binders (sevelamer, calcium acetate), Fluid restriction, diuretics, Iron, blood
transfusions, erythropoietin, High carb, low protein diet, Dialysis when all else
fails.
Dietary Guidelines for CKD - Correct answer-Milk: Limit ½ cup/day. Avoid
buttermilk, chocolate milk, Protein: 6-8 oz/day of lean meat, eggs, seafood. Avoid
processed/salted meats, Starches: 6-8 servings/day (unsalted), Vegetables: Choose
low-potassium (carrots, cucumbers, cabbage).
Fluid Restriction - Correct answer-Restrict to urine output + 1000 mL/day.
Hemodialysis - Correct answer-Removes waste, fluid, and electrolytes via vascular
access.
Temporary Access Types - Correct answer-Subclavian/femoral.
Permanent Access Types - Correct answer-AV fistula/shunt.
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