NGR6141 Advanced Patho - Exam 2 Objec ves
Ques ons and answers newest rated A+ 2025/2026
NEW!!
1a. How does the skin protect us against an gens in the environment?
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? - Ans - It is the first line of defense, regulates
body temp, immune response
- provides a protec ve barrier between the host and the outside environment, and the linings of
the internal body organs help absorb substances into the body, excrete waste products, and
secrete substances into body cavi es.
- this ssue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The func ons include protec on, absorp on, secre on, and excre on
- provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secre ng substances meant to trap of destroy
microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the protec ng us from an gens? - Ans -
Kera nocytes - produce kera n (scleroprotein - protec on from stress)
- Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radia on, determines skin color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, ini ates immune response with dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adap ng mechanoreceptors
1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the protec ng us from an gens? - Ans -
Fibroblasts - generate connec ve ssue, for wound healing
- Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensi vity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocyto c, par al role in immune response, wound healing
,- Histocytes - in loose connec ve ssue, Machrophange, phagocytes pigments and debris of
inflamma on
1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from an gens? - Ans - Nails: protec ve
kera nized plates
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evapora on
2. In allergic contact derma s, how does the body recognize the an gen? Think about how
the immune response and the cells involved. - Ans - Allergan comes into contact with the skin
bound to a carrier protein, forming a hapten-specific sensi zing an gen
- Langerhans cells process an gen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensi zed to an gen, releasing cytokines and chemokine leading to leukocyte
infiltra on and inflamma on
3. What is Tinea Corpis? - Ans - A condi on known as RINGWORM that is a fungal infec on of
the skin caused by Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified according to the loca on.
results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red) scaly patches with
a slightly elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no covered by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: ki>ens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic derma s? - Ans - A chronic hereditary skin disease
characterized by intense itching inflamed skin which causes redness swelling cracking crus ng
and scaling. Aka Atopic Eczema. Severe Puri s
- Lichenifica on - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching and scar ssue forma on
5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367)
, a) Osteogenic sarcoma -
b) Basal cell carcinoma -
c) Mul ple myeloma -
d) Adenocarcinoma - - Ans a) Malignant bone forming tumor, most oDen in bone marrow.
b) CA from epithelial cells, surface, tumor of skin
c) CA from Mesenchymal origin, Granular leukocytes and precursors, slow prolifera on of
malignant cells, located in bone marrow
d) CA from Glandular or ductal epithelium, tumor from from epithelial cells with a glandular
pa>erns, effects ducts and glands
6. What is meant by tumor cell markers? (Mod 8a - p372) - Ans - biochemical markers that are
sensi ve to specific types of tumors and are used to screen, diagnosed, assess the prognosis
and treatment, and monitor reoccurrences.
found in the blood, CSF and urine.
- produced by benign or malignant tumors
- include hormones, enzymes, genes, an gens, an bodies
example: Liver and Germ cell tumors - secrete alpha fetoprotein into blood; Prostate Tumors
secrete PSA into blood stream
7. Describe apoptosis: (chap 2 p 92) - Ans - Ac ve processes by which cells self-destruct in
normal and pathological ssues.
Ques ons and answers newest rated A+ 2025/2026
NEW!!
1a. How does the skin protect us against an gens in the environment?
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? - Ans - It is the first line of defense, regulates
body temp, immune response
- provides a protec ve barrier between the host and the outside environment, and the linings of
the internal body organs help absorb substances into the body, excrete waste products, and
secrete substances into body cavi es.
- this ssue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The func ons include protec on, absorp on, secre on, and excre on
- provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secre ng substances meant to trap of destroy
microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the protec ng us from an gens? - Ans -
Kera nocytes - produce kera n (scleroprotein - protec on from stress)
- Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radia on, determines skin color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, ini ates immune response with dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adap ng mechanoreceptors
1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the protec ng us from an gens? - Ans -
Fibroblasts - generate connec ve ssue, for wound healing
- Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensi vity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocyto c, par al role in immune response, wound healing
,- Histocytes - in loose connec ve ssue, Machrophange, phagocytes pigments and debris of
inflamma on
1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from an gens? - Ans - Nails: protec ve
kera nized plates
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evapora on
2. In allergic contact derma s, how does the body recognize the an gen? Think about how
the immune response and the cells involved. - Ans - Allergan comes into contact with the skin
bound to a carrier protein, forming a hapten-specific sensi zing an gen
- Langerhans cells process an gen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensi zed to an gen, releasing cytokines and chemokine leading to leukocyte
infiltra on and inflamma on
3. What is Tinea Corpis? - Ans - A condi on known as RINGWORM that is a fungal infec on of
the skin caused by Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified according to the loca on.
results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red) scaly patches with
a slightly elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no covered by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: ki>ens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic derma s? - Ans - A chronic hereditary skin disease
characterized by intense itching inflamed skin which causes redness swelling cracking crus ng
and scaling. Aka Atopic Eczema. Severe Puri s
- Lichenifica on - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching and scar ssue forma on
5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367)
, a) Osteogenic sarcoma -
b) Basal cell carcinoma -
c) Mul ple myeloma -
d) Adenocarcinoma - - Ans a) Malignant bone forming tumor, most oDen in bone marrow.
b) CA from epithelial cells, surface, tumor of skin
c) CA from Mesenchymal origin, Granular leukocytes and precursors, slow prolifera on of
malignant cells, located in bone marrow
d) CA from Glandular or ductal epithelium, tumor from from epithelial cells with a glandular
pa>erns, effects ducts and glands
6. What is meant by tumor cell markers? (Mod 8a - p372) - Ans - biochemical markers that are
sensi ve to specific types of tumors and are used to screen, diagnosed, assess the prognosis
and treatment, and monitor reoccurrences.
found in the blood, CSF and urine.
- produced by benign or malignant tumors
- include hormones, enzymes, genes, an gens, an bodies
example: Liver and Germ cell tumors - secrete alpha fetoprotein into blood; Prostate Tumors
secrete PSA into blood stream
7. Describe apoptosis: (chap 2 p 92) - Ans - Ac ve processes by which cells self-destruct in
normal and pathological ssues.
