NUR 230 Exam #2 Ch.
14,20,22,15,16,17,18 OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the functions and structures of the ears. - ANS -
\1. Describe the structure and function of the mouth, throat, nose and sinuses. - ANS -
\1. Describe the structures and functions of the eyes. - ANS -Conjunctiva -
a thin, transparent, continuous membrane that is divided into two portions: a palpebral and a
bulbar portion. This transparent membrane allows for inspection of underlying tissue and
protects the eye from foreign bodies.
Lacrimal Apparatus -
consists of glands and ducts that lubricate the eye . The lacrimal gland produces tears. As the
lid blinks, tears wash across the eye then drain into the puncta, which are visible on the upper
and lower lids at the inner canthus. Tears empty into the lacrimal canals and are then channeled
into the nasolacrimal sac through the nasolacrimal duct.
Extra-ocular muscles - 6 muscles that move the eye in all directions
Sclera - The sclera is a dense, protective, white covering that physically supports the internal
structures of the eye. It is continuous anteriorly with the transparent cornea
Cornea - permits the entrance of light, which passes through the lens to the retina. It is well
supplied with nerve endings, making it responsive to pain and touch.
Iris- is a circular disc of muscle containing pigments that determine eye color. The central
aperture of the iris is called the pupil. Muscles in the iris adjust to control the pupil's size, which
controls the amount of light entering the eye. The muscle fibers of the iris also decrease the size
of the pupil to accommodate for near vision and dilate the pupil when far vision is needed.
Lens- functions to refract (bend) light rays onto the retina. Adjustments must be made in
refraction depending on the distance of the object being viewed. Refractive ability of the lens
can be changed by a change in shape of the lens (which is controlled by the ciliary body). The
lens bulges to focus on close objects and flattens to focus on far objects.
Choroid layer - contains the vascularity necessary to provide nourishment to the
\1.Describe assessment of the breast and lymphatic system - ANS -
\1.Describe structure and function of the blood vessels. - ANS -Arteries;
Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the heart to the
capillaries. The arterial network is a high-pressure system. Blood is propelled under pressure
from the left ventricle of the heart.
,Veins;
Veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted, waste-laden blood from
the tissues back to the heart. The veins of the arms, upper trunk, head, and neck carry blood to
the superior vena cava, where it passes into the right atrium. Blood from the lower trunk and
legs drains upward into the inferior vena cava. The veins contain nearly 70% of the body's blood
volume.
Capillaries; smallest blood vessel in the body, enable the exchange of substances between the
blood and surrounding tissue (permeable)
the capillary bed is very important in maintaining the equilibrium of interstitial fluid and
preventing edema.
\1.Discuss the anatomy and functions of the skin, hair, and nails.
Hair and Nails - ANS -Hair
- develops with sheath of epidermal cells called the hair follicle
- 2 types; vellus (peach fuz) & terminal (on the head)
- color varies determined by melanin & pheomelanin
- filters dust and airborne debris
(nasal, auditory, eyelashes, eyebrows)
Nails
- keratinized epidermal cells
- pink tinge a result of blood vessels
- Lunula; crescent shape at the base
- protect distal areas of fingers/toes
- enhance precise movement/grip
\1.Discuss the anatomy and functions of the skin, hair, and nails. - ANS -Function of skin;
largest organ of the body, physical barrier to protect underlying organs and tissues, protects
from microorganisms, physical trauma, temperature maintenance, fluid and electrolyte balance,
absorption, excretion, sensation, immunity, and vitamin D synthesis. The skin also provides
individual identity to a person's appearance. The skin is thicker on the palms of the hands and
soles of the feet, and is continuous with the mucous membranes at the orifices of the body.
Anatomy of skin;
Epidermis - The outermost layer consists of dead, keratinized cells that render the skin
waterproof. The major determinant of skin color is melanin. Other significant determinants
include capillary blood flow, chromophores (carotene and lycopene), and collagen.
Dermis - sebaceous glands, sweat glands, The dermis is a well-vascularized, connective tissue
layer containing collagen, elastic fibers, nerve endings, and lymph vessels. It is also the origin of
sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.
, Subcutaneous tissue - loose connective tissue containing fat cells, blood vessels, nerves, and
the remaining portions of sweat glands and hair follicles, The subcutaneous tissue stores fat as
an energy reserve, provides insulation to conserve internal body heat, serves as a cushion to
protect bones and internal organs, and contains vascular pathways for the supply of nutrients
and removal of waste products to and from the skin.
\1.Obtain an accurate nursing history of his or her head, face, neck, and lymph nodes. - ANS
-History of present concern
- neck/head pain
- ROM?
- lumps/lesions?
- trouble swallowing?
- dizziness? double vision? spinning feeling?
- changes in skin, hair, nails?
- changes in energy level, sleep habits, emotional stability?
- weakness/numbness?
Personal History
- neck problems? injuries? head trauma? surgeries? therapies?
Family History
- Some prescription and nonprescription medicines may cause headaches as follows:
Oral contraceptives and hormone therapy for menopause
Blood-thinning medicines, such as warfarin, heparin, aspirin, and novel oral anticoagulants
(NOAC) such as enoxaparin.
Caffeine (or caffeine withdrawal)
Heart and blood pressure medicines, such as nitroglycerin and antihypertensives
Medications for erectile dysfunction
Antihistamines and decongestants
Corticosteroids, such as prednisone
Ergotamine (Cafergot) therapy
Medicines to prevent organ transplant rejection Immunosuppressants
Certain types of chemotherapy
Overuse of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and vitamin D
Radiation therapy
- history of head or neck cancers?
- history of migraines?
Lifestyle and Health Practices
- smoke/chew tobacco?
- recreational drugs?
- helmet while riding a bike?
- recreational activities?
- posture at work?
- head/neck issues affecting ADLs?
14,20,22,15,16,17,18 OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the functions and structures of the ears. - ANS -
\1. Describe the structure and function of the mouth, throat, nose and sinuses. - ANS -
\1. Describe the structures and functions of the eyes. - ANS -Conjunctiva -
a thin, transparent, continuous membrane that is divided into two portions: a palpebral and a
bulbar portion. This transparent membrane allows for inspection of underlying tissue and
protects the eye from foreign bodies.
Lacrimal Apparatus -
consists of glands and ducts that lubricate the eye . The lacrimal gland produces tears. As the
lid blinks, tears wash across the eye then drain into the puncta, which are visible on the upper
and lower lids at the inner canthus. Tears empty into the lacrimal canals and are then channeled
into the nasolacrimal sac through the nasolacrimal duct.
Extra-ocular muscles - 6 muscles that move the eye in all directions
Sclera - The sclera is a dense, protective, white covering that physically supports the internal
structures of the eye. It is continuous anteriorly with the transparent cornea
Cornea - permits the entrance of light, which passes through the lens to the retina. It is well
supplied with nerve endings, making it responsive to pain and touch.
Iris- is a circular disc of muscle containing pigments that determine eye color. The central
aperture of the iris is called the pupil. Muscles in the iris adjust to control the pupil's size, which
controls the amount of light entering the eye. The muscle fibers of the iris also decrease the size
of the pupil to accommodate for near vision and dilate the pupil when far vision is needed.
Lens- functions to refract (bend) light rays onto the retina. Adjustments must be made in
refraction depending on the distance of the object being viewed. Refractive ability of the lens
can be changed by a change in shape of the lens (which is controlled by the ciliary body). The
lens bulges to focus on close objects and flattens to focus on far objects.
Choroid layer - contains the vascularity necessary to provide nourishment to the
\1.Describe assessment of the breast and lymphatic system - ANS -
\1.Describe structure and function of the blood vessels. - ANS -Arteries;
Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the heart to the
capillaries. The arterial network is a high-pressure system. Blood is propelled under pressure
from the left ventricle of the heart.
,Veins;
Veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted, waste-laden blood from
the tissues back to the heart. The veins of the arms, upper trunk, head, and neck carry blood to
the superior vena cava, where it passes into the right atrium. Blood from the lower trunk and
legs drains upward into the inferior vena cava. The veins contain nearly 70% of the body's blood
volume.
Capillaries; smallest blood vessel in the body, enable the exchange of substances between the
blood and surrounding tissue (permeable)
the capillary bed is very important in maintaining the equilibrium of interstitial fluid and
preventing edema.
\1.Discuss the anatomy and functions of the skin, hair, and nails.
Hair and Nails - ANS -Hair
- develops with sheath of epidermal cells called the hair follicle
- 2 types; vellus (peach fuz) & terminal (on the head)
- color varies determined by melanin & pheomelanin
- filters dust and airborne debris
(nasal, auditory, eyelashes, eyebrows)
Nails
- keratinized epidermal cells
- pink tinge a result of blood vessels
- Lunula; crescent shape at the base
- protect distal areas of fingers/toes
- enhance precise movement/grip
\1.Discuss the anatomy and functions of the skin, hair, and nails. - ANS -Function of skin;
largest organ of the body, physical barrier to protect underlying organs and tissues, protects
from microorganisms, physical trauma, temperature maintenance, fluid and electrolyte balance,
absorption, excretion, sensation, immunity, and vitamin D synthesis. The skin also provides
individual identity to a person's appearance. The skin is thicker on the palms of the hands and
soles of the feet, and is continuous with the mucous membranes at the orifices of the body.
Anatomy of skin;
Epidermis - The outermost layer consists of dead, keratinized cells that render the skin
waterproof. The major determinant of skin color is melanin. Other significant determinants
include capillary blood flow, chromophores (carotene and lycopene), and collagen.
Dermis - sebaceous glands, sweat glands, The dermis is a well-vascularized, connective tissue
layer containing collagen, elastic fibers, nerve endings, and lymph vessels. It is also the origin of
sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.
, Subcutaneous tissue - loose connective tissue containing fat cells, blood vessels, nerves, and
the remaining portions of sweat glands and hair follicles, The subcutaneous tissue stores fat as
an energy reserve, provides insulation to conserve internal body heat, serves as a cushion to
protect bones and internal organs, and contains vascular pathways for the supply of nutrients
and removal of waste products to and from the skin.
\1.Obtain an accurate nursing history of his or her head, face, neck, and lymph nodes. - ANS
-History of present concern
- neck/head pain
- ROM?
- lumps/lesions?
- trouble swallowing?
- dizziness? double vision? spinning feeling?
- changes in skin, hair, nails?
- changes in energy level, sleep habits, emotional stability?
- weakness/numbness?
Personal History
- neck problems? injuries? head trauma? surgeries? therapies?
Family History
- Some prescription and nonprescription medicines may cause headaches as follows:
Oral contraceptives and hormone therapy for menopause
Blood-thinning medicines, such as warfarin, heparin, aspirin, and novel oral anticoagulants
(NOAC) such as enoxaparin.
Caffeine (or caffeine withdrawal)
Heart and blood pressure medicines, such as nitroglycerin and antihypertensives
Medications for erectile dysfunction
Antihistamines and decongestants
Corticosteroids, such as prednisone
Ergotamine (Cafergot) therapy
Medicines to prevent organ transplant rejection Immunosuppressants
Certain types of chemotherapy
Overuse of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and vitamin D
Radiation therapy
- history of head or neck cancers?
- history of migraines?
Lifestyle and Health Practices
- smoke/chew tobacco?
- recreational drugs?
- helmet while riding a bike?
- recreational activities?
- posture at work?
- head/neck issues affecting ADLs?
