CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
Chondr- - ANSWER cartilage
Osteo- - ANSWER bone
Functions of bones - ANSWER support, protection, attachment point, storage, blood
cell formation, hormone production
Support function of bones - ANSWER Holds up the body and cradles organs.
Protection function of bones - ANSWER Central nervous system protection: the skull
protects the brain, vertebrae wrap around spinal cord
Visceral organ protection: rib cage wraps around organs in thorax & upper abdominal cavity.
Attachment point function of bones - ANSWER Skeletal muscle attaches to bone via
tendons. Allows for pushing and pulling of muscle
Tendon - ANSWER thick band of dense regular connective tissue, attaches skeletal
muscle to bone
Storage function of bones - ANSWER Storing minerals and fat
1
,Minerals: calcium phosphate salts to give bones rigidity and provide Ca2+ to CNS and muscle
tissue
Yellow bone marrow - ANSWER lipid based, can be used as an energy source
Blood cell formation function of bones - ANSWER Hematopoiesis: formation of blood
cells in red bone marrow.
Hormone production function of bones - ANSWER Osteocalcin regulates insulin
release, glucose homeostasis, & energy expenditure.
Cartilage and Skeleton formation - ANSWER Before the osseous skeleton forms in an
embryo, the skeleton is composed of cartilage and connective tissue fibers since cartilage
grows much faster than bone
Characteristics of all cartilage types - ANSWER 1) Strength & resilience
2) High water content
3) No nerve supply & is avascular
4) Surrounded externally by fibrous connective tissue called perichondrium.
Strength and resilience of cartilage - ANSWER Cartilage can be compressed and return
to original shape; very difficult to break
High water content of cartilage - ANSWER Contributes to flexibility, cartilage more
abundant in parts of the body that need to be more flexible
No innervation and avascularity of cartilage - ANSWER Lack of blood supply makes
repair of cartilage very difficult
Perichondrium - ANSWER fibrous connective tissue surrounding cartilage
2
,3 types of cartilage - ANSWER Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage - ANSWER Most abundant type containing collagen fibers. Examples:
Articular cartilage (prevents bone on bone rubbing at all joints), costal cartilage (ribs),
respiratory cartilage (airways that lead into lungs, keeps pathways open), nasal cartilage
(keeps nasal passages in nose open).
Elastic cartilage - ANSWER Contains more elastic fibers. Much more flexible, found
where bending is needed. Examples: External ear, epiglottis (helps with swallowing, prevents
food and fluid being sucked down into lungs).
Fibrocartilage - ANSWER Contains rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen
bands; most compressible & great tensile strength. Examples: Vertebral discs, knee
(meniscus), pubic symphysis.
Types of cartilage growth - ANSWER appositional growth and interstitial growth
Appositional growth - ANSWER Laying down new cartilage on old cartilage; occurs at
surface of cartilage tissue.
Cells just under perichondrium deposit new matrix on top of "old" cartilage
Causes cartilage to grow in width
Interstitial growth - ANSWER Cells divide and secrete matrix within pre-existing
cartilage; occurs deeper in cartilage tissue.
Causes cartilage to grow in length
3
, How can bones be classified? - ANSWER By location or shape
Classifications of bones by location - ANSWER axial or appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton - ANSWER Long axis of body; includes skull, vertebral column, & ribs.
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton? - ANSWER support and protect
central organs (brain, spinal cord, heart, etc.)
Appendicular skeleton - ANSWER Limbs (aka appendages) & the girdles; includes
pectoral & pelvic girdles, arms & legs.
What is the primary function of appendicular skeleton bones? - ANSWER Facilitate
movement in the limbs
Classification of bones by shape - ANSWER long bones, short bones, flat bones,
irregular bones
Long bones - ANSWER Longer than they are wide; example: almost all arm & leg
bones.
Roughly column shaped
Short bones - ANSWER Cube-shaped; examples: bones in wrists & ankles.
Sesamoid bones - ANSWER Bone that forms in a tendon.
Flat bones - ANSWER Thin, flat, curved; examples: sternum, scapulae, ribs, most
cranial bones.
4
UPDATE!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
Chondr- - ANSWER cartilage
Osteo- - ANSWER bone
Functions of bones - ANSWER support, protection, attachment point, storage, blood
cell formation, hormone production
Support function of bones - ANSWER Holds up the body and cradles organs.
Protection function of bones - ANSWER Central nervous system protection: the skull
protects the brain, vertebrae wrap around spinal cord
Visceral organ protection: rib cage wraps around organs in thorax & upper abdominal cavity.
Attachment point function of bones - ANSWER Skeletal muscle attaches to bone via
tendons. Allows for pushing and pulling of muscle
Tendon - ANSWER thick band of dense regular connective tissue, attaches skeletal
muscle to bone
Storage function of bones - ANSWER Storing minerals and fat
1
,Minerals: calcium phosphate salts to give bones rigidity and provide Ca2+ to CNS and muscle
tissue
Yellow bone marrow - ANSWER lipid based, can be used as an energy source
Blood cell formation function of bones - ANSWER Hematopoiesis: formation of blood
cells in red bone marrow.
Hormone production function of bones - ANSWER Osteocalcin regulates insulin
release, glucose homeostasis, & energy expenditure.
Cartilage and Skeleton formation - ANSWER Before the osseous skeleton forms in an
embryo, the skeleton is composed of cartilage and connective tissue fibers since cartilage
grows much faster than bone
Characteristics of all cartilage types - ANSWER 1) Strength & resilience
2) High water content
3) No nerve supply & is avascular
4) Surrounded externally by fibrous connective tissue called perichondrium.
Strength and resilience of cartilage - ANSWER Cartilage can be compressed and return
to original shape; very difficult to break
High water content of cartilage - ANSWER Contributes to flexibility, cartilage more
abundant in parts of the body that need to be more flexible
No innervation and avascularity of cartilage - ANSWER Lack of blood supply makes
repair of cartilage very difficult
Perichondrium - ANSWER fibrous connective tissue surrounding cartilage
2
,3 types of cartilage - ANSWER Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage - ANSWER Most abundant type containing collagen fibers. Examples:
Articular cartilage (prevents bone on bone rubbing at all joints), costal cartilage (ribs),
respiratory cartilage (airways that lead into lungs, keeps pathways open), nasal cartilage
(keeps nasal passages in nose open).
Elastic cartilage - ANSWER Contains more elastic fibers. Much more flexible, found
where bending is needed. Examples: External ear, epiglottis (helps with swallowing, prevents
food and fluid being sucked down into lungs).
Fibrocartilage - ANSWER Contains rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen
bands; most compressible & great tensile strength. Examples: Vertebral discs, knee
(meniscus), pubic symphysis.
Types of cartilage growth - ANSWER appositional growth and interstitial growth
Appositional growth - ANSWER Laying down new cartilage on old cartilage; occurs at
surface of cartilage tissue.
Cells just under perichondrium deposit new matrix on top of "old" cartilage
Causes cartilage to grow in width
Interstitial growth - ANSWER Cells divide and secrete matrix within pre-existing
cartilage; occurs deeper in cartilage tissue.
Causes cartilage to grow in length
3
, How can bones be classified? - ANSWER By location or shape
Classifications of bones by location - ANSWER axial or appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton - ANSWER Long axis of body; includes skull, vertebral column, & ribs.
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton? - ANSWER support and protect
central organs (brain, spinal cord, heart, etc.)
Appendicular skeleton - ANSWER Limbs (aka appendages) & the girdles; includes
pectoral & pelvic girdles, arms & legs.
What is the primary function of appendicular skeleton bones? - ANSWER Facilitate
movement in the limbs
Classification of bones by shape - ANSWER long bones, short bones, flat bones,
irregular bones
Long bones - ANSWER Longer than they are wide; example: almost all arm & leg
bones.
Roughly column shaped
Short bones - ANSWER Cube-shaped; examples: bones in wrists & ankles.
Sesamoid bones - ANSWER Bone that forms in a tendon.
Flat bones - ANSWER Thin, flat, curved; examples: sternum, scapulae, ribs, most
cranial bones.
4
