CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
Name, identify, differentiate (basic, simple identification) the six types of microbes examined
in this course - ANSWER Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths, Viruses
Describe the basic distinctions between eukaryotes versus bacteria/archaea -
ANSWER Bacteria/archaea: ten times smaller than eukaryotes on average, lack
organelles, all are microoraganisms
Identify the types of environments on earth where microbes survive -
ANSWER Microbes are found everywhere on EARTH, not the moon.
Know the relative contribution of microbes versus plants with respect to total oxygen
produced on earth via photosynthesis - ANSWER Photosynthetic microorganisms are
responsible for 70% of the Earth's photosynthesis.
Contrast the relative abundance of microbes versus all other forms of life in terms of
number of species, numbers of individuals, and numbers/mass of cells on earth -
ANSWER -Bacteria: 78% of all species
-Most abundant eukaryote: Fungi 7.4% (90% are microbial)
-Most eukaryotes are microbial
Define and understand the term pathogen - ANSWER Microbes that cause disease
Identify at least three diseases that are caused by microbes - ANSWER Aids, Hepatitis
C, Zika Virus, Tuberculosis
1
,Identify, describe, and label/locate (external, boundary, internal) all structures from Fig. 3.1 -
ANSWER
Distinguish which structures from Fig 3.1 are found in all bacteriaversus those found in some
but not all bacteria - ANSWER In all: Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane, nucleoid, ribosome,
cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton
Identify, draw, describe, label the threemost common shapes of bacteria (excludes
filaments) - ANSWER Bacillus, Coccus, (Spiral, Spirillus, Spirillium)
Identify and distinguish among the five cocci cell arrangements found in Fig 3.4, and the
three arrangements of bacilli - ANSWER -Diplococcus, Streptococcus, Tetrad, Sarcina,
Staphylococci
-Diplobacilli, Streptobacillus, Palisades
Describe the four basic types of appendages and whether they are primarily used in motility,
attachment, or both - ANSWER -Motility: Flagellum
-Both: Pilus
-Attachments/channel: Fimbriae, Nanotubes/nanowires
Describe or identify the four flagellar arrangements commonly found in bacteria -
ANSWER -Monotrichous: single flagellum
-Lophotrichous: small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same side
-Amphitrichous: flagella at both poles of the cell
2
, -Peritrichous: flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
Define chemotaxis. - ANSWER Movement of bacteria in response to chemical signals
Describe how alternating lengths of tumbles and runs can aid in motility during chemotaxis -
ANSWER -Chemotaxis means in the presence of a signal, cellular signaling ensures
longer runs, which propels the bacteria toward or away
-No attraction or repellant = equal length of tumble and runs
-Tumbles make sure that you're going the right way
-Runs is going in a straight line (counterclockwise)
Identify, describe, distinguish among the three type of appendages (fimbriae, pili,
nanotubes/nanowires) used in attachment, and whether they function mainly in
attachment, transfer of information, or transfer of food/energy - ANSWER -Fimbriae:
Mainly attachment
-Pili: Transfer of information
-Nanotubes/nanowires: Transfer of food/energy
Identify, describe, differentiate between the two types of surface coatings on bacterial cells
(S-layer vs. Glycocalyx) - ANSWER -S layer: Single or multilayeres of thousands of
copies of a single protein linked together like chain mail, used for stability of cell
integrity&protection&adhesion
3
UPDATE!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
Name, identify, differentiate (basic, simple identification) the six types of microbes examined
in this course - ANSWER Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths, Viruses
Describe the basic distinctions between eukaryotes versus bacteria/archaea -
ANSWER Bacteria/archaea: ten times smaller than eukaryotes on average, lack
organelles, all are microoraganisms
Identify the types of environments on earth where microbes survive -
ANSWER Microbes are found everywhere on EARTH, not the moon.
Know the relative contribution of microbes versus plants with respect to total oxygen
produced on earth via photosynthesis - ANSWER Photosynthetic microorganisms are
responsible for 70% of the Earth's photosynthesis.
Contrast the relative abundance of microbes versus all other forms of life in terms of
number of species, numbers of individuals, and numbers/mass of cells on earth -
ANSWER -Bacteria: 78% of all species
-Most abundant eukaryote: Fungi 7.4% (90% are microbial)
-Most eukaryotes are microbial
Define and understand the term pathogen - ANSWER Microbes that cause disease
Identify at least three diseases that are caused by microbes - ANSWER Aids, Hepatitis
C, Zika Virus, Tuberculosis
1
,Identify, describe, and label/locate (external, boundary, internal) all structures from Fig. 3.1 -
ANSWER
Distinguish which structures from Fig 3.1 are found in all bacteriaversus those found in some
but not all bacteria - ANSWER In all: Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane, nucleoid, ribosome,
cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton
Identify, draw, describe, label the threemost common shapes of bacteria (excludes
filaments) - ANSWER Bacillus, Coccus, (Spiral, Spirillus, Spirillium)
Identify and distinguish among the five cocci cell arrangements found in Fig 3.4, and the
three arrangements of bacilli - ANSWER -Diplococcus, Streptococcus, Tetrad, Sarcina,
Staphylococci
-Diplobacilli, Streptobacillus, Palisades
Describe the four basic types of appendages and whether they are primarily used in motility,
attachment, or both - ANSWER -Motility: Flagellum
-Both: Pilus
-Attachments/channel: Fimbriae, Nanotubes/nanowires
Describe or identify the four flagellar arrangements commonly found in bacteria -
ANSWER -Monotrichous: single flagellum
-Lophotrichous: small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same side
-Amphitrichous: flagella at both poles of the cell
2
, -Peritrichous: flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
Define chemotaxis. - ANSWER Movement of bacteria in response to chemical signals
Describe how alternating lengths of tumbles and runs can aid in motility during chemotaxis -
ANSWER -Chemotaxis means in the presence of a signal, cellular signaling ensures
longer runs, which propels the bacteria toward or away
-No attraction or repellant = equal length of tumble and runs
-Tumbles make sure that you're going the right way
-Runs is going in a straight line (counterclockwise)
Identify, describe, distinguish among the three type of appendages (fimbriae, pili,
nanotubes/nanowires) used in attachment, and whether they function mainly in
attachment, transfer of information, or transfer of food/energy - ANSWER -Fimbriae:
Mainly attachment
-Pili: Transfer of information
-Nanotubes/nanowires: Transfer of food/energy
Identify, describe, differentiate between the two types of surface coatings on bacterial cells
(S-layer vs. Glycocalyx) - ANSWER -S layer: Single or multilayeres of thousands of
copies of a single protein linked together like chain mail, used for stability of cell
integrity&protection&adhesion
3
