PHAR 100 Midterm Exam Part 1 Questions AND Correct
Answers
2 main cannabinoid receptors - ✔✔1. CB1 receptors - mostly
found in brain and though THC is not a very effective agonist,
it still exhibits a response due to large number of receptors -
mediate time, colour, sound and taste distortions in cerebral
cortex and changes in memory and learning in hippocampus
(none in brain stem, therefore don't depress respiration)
2. CB2 receptors - only found outside CNS and don't impact
psychoactive effects of THC, but are involved in inflammation
- binding of THC to these receptors on white blood cells is
responsible for immunosuppressive properties of THC
2 types of toxic effects from drugs - ✔✔1. adverse effects -
any effect produced by a drug that is not the intended effect
2. drug-drug interactions - occurs when one drug changes the
pharmacological effect of the second drug
3 groups of addictive drugs - ✔✔1. increase dopamine - CNS
stimulants, opioids, alcohol, and cannabis
2. produce novelty - LSD and ecstasy
3. reduce anxiety - CNS depressants
,3 major influences on modern pharmacology - ✔✔1. ancient
civilization discoveries
2. poison influence
3. religious influence
3 mechanism that anabolic steroids work by - ✔✔1. anti-
catabolic - response that reduces breakdown of proteins and
muscle tissue - athletes use proteins from their muscles to
fuel their training, in which this is blocked by anabolic steroids
to maintain muscle mass
2. anabolic - result in protein production, in which these
responses may be more important/have greater effects at
high doses they use
3. motivation - produce aggressive behaviour from steroids,
which is beneficial in many sports
3 methods of drug administration - ✔✔1. topical - applied
directly to a given place on or in the body
2. enteral - via GI tract into the bloodstream
3. parenteral - bypasses the GI tract
,4 classes of opioids - ✔✔1. endogenous - made in body that
bind to opioid receptors and exert analgesic effects, as well as
affect pain perception/emotional response to pain - broken
down into enkephalins, dynorphins, and endorphins
2. natural - not made by body, derived from opium poppy
plant (ex: morphine - binds directly to opioid receptors and
used clinically to treat pain, and codeine - converted to
morphine by liver enzymes, less potent than morphine)
3. semi-synthetic - slightly altered versions of morphine that
are chemically changed to obtain different pharmacological
properties (potency, duration of action, distribution), while
maintaining a similar effect profile (ex: hydromorphone and
diacetylmorphine)
4. synthetic - not derive from morphine but chemically
synthesized to bind to opioid receptors - designed to elicit
similar pharmacological responses to morphine (ex: fentanyl -
100x more potent than morphine, loperamide, and
methadone)
5 key steps to drug development - ✔✔DRUG DISCOVERY (3-6
years):
1. basic research and drug discovery
2. preclinical studies
, DRUG DEVELOPMENT:
3. clinical studies (6-7 years)
4. health Canada review and manufacturing (0.5-2 years)
5. post-market surveillance/phase 4 clinical trials (ongoing)
6 types of adverse effects - ✔✔1. extension of therapeutic
effect - occurs when too much drug in blood
2. unrelated to main drug action - causes effects unrelated to
intended pharmacological action (ex: nausea)
3. allergic reaction - mediated by immune system, an antigen-
antibody combo provokes a mild or severe adverse rxn
4. withdrawal/addiction - unwanted physiological and
psychological drug effects
5. teratogenesis - when a drug produces fetal defects
6. adverse biotransformation rxn - when a drug is converted
to a chemically reactive metabolite that can bind to
tissue/organ components and cause damage
6 types of neurotransmitters and their receptors - ✔✔1.
glutamate - primary excitatory NT in the CNS, acting on
glutamatergic receptors
Answers
2 main cannabinoid receptors - ✔✔1. CB1 receptors - mostly
found in brain and though THC is not a very effective agonist,
it still exhibits a response due to large number of receptors -
mediate time, colour, sound and taste distortions in cerebral
cortex and changes in memory and learning in hippocampus
(none in brain stem, therefore don't depress respiration)
2. CB2 receptors - only found outside CNS and don't impact
psychoactive effects of THC, but are involved in inflammation
- binding of THC to these receptors on white blood cells is
responsible for immunosuppressive properties of THC
2 types of toxic effects from drugs - ✔✔1. adverse effects -
any effect produced by a drug that is not the intended effect
2. drug-drug interactions - occurs when one drug changes the
pharmacological effect of the second drug
3 groups of addictive drugs - ✔✔1. increase dopamine - CNS
stimulants, opioids, alcohol, and cannabis
2. produce novelty - LSD and ecstasy
3. reduce anxiety - CNS depressants
,3 major influences on modern pharmacology - ✔✔1. ancient
civilization discoveries
2. poison influence
3. religious influence
3 mechanism that anabolic steroids work by - ✔✔1. anti-
catabolic - response that reduces breakdown of proteins and
muscle tissue - athletes use proteins from their muscles to
fuel their training, in which this is blocked by anabolic steroids
to maintain muscle mass
2. anabolic - result in protein production, in which these
responses may be more important/have greater effects at
high doses they use
3. motivation - produce aggressive behaviour from steroids,
which is beneficial in many sports
3 methods of drug administration - ✔✔1. topical - applied
directly to a given place on or in the body
2. enteral - via GI tract into the bloodstream
3. parenteral - bypasses the GI tract
,4 classes of opioids - ✔✔1. endogenous - made in body that
bind to opioid receptors and exert analgesic effects, as well as
affect pain perception/emotional response to pain - broken
down into enkephalins, dynorphins, and endorphins
2. natural - not made by body, derived from opium poppy
plant (ex: morphine - binds directly to opioid receptors and
used clinically to treat pain, and codeine - converted to
morphine by liver enzymes, less potent than morphine)
3. semi-synthetic - slightly altered versions of morphine that
are chemically changed to obtain different pharmacological
properties (potency, duration of action, distribution), while
maintaining a similar effect profile (ex: hydromorphone and
diacetylmorphine)
4. synthetic - not derive from morphine but chemically
synthesized to bind to opioid receptors - designed to elicit
similar pharmacological responses to morphine (ex: fentanyl -
100x more potent than morphine, loperamide, and
methadone)
5 key steps to drug development - ✔✔DRUG DISCOVERY (3-6
years):
1. basic research and drug discovery
2. preclinical studies
, DRUG DEVELOPMENT:
3. clinical studies (6-7 years)
4. health Canada review and manufacturing (0.5-2 years)
5. post-market surveillance/phase 4 clinical trials (ongoing)
6 types of adverse effects - ✔✔1. extension of therapeutic
effect - occurs when too much drug in blood
2. unrelated to main drug action - causes effects unrelated to
intended pharmacological action (ex: nausea)
3. allergic reaction - mediated by immune system, an antigen-
antibody combo provokes a mild or severe adverse rxn
4. withdrawal/addiction - unwanted physiological and
psychological drug effects
5. teratogenesis - when a drug produces fetal defects
6. adverse biotransformation rxn - when a drug is converted
to a chemically reactive metabolite that can bind to
tissue/organ components and cause damage
6 types of neurotransmitters and their receptors - ✔✔1.
glutamate - primary excitatory NT in the CNS, acting on
glutamatergic receptors
