BOARD Exam with All Correct & 100% Verified Answers
|Actual Complete Exam| Already Graded A+
Define kussmaul's breathing ✔Correct Answer-Abnormally deep, laboured breathing (very rapid,
sighing respirations) - typically a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis
Define cheyne-stokes breathing ✔Correct Answer-Irregular resps, characterized by *alternating
periods of apnea and hyperventilation*. Respiratory cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that
gradually increase to abnormal rate and depth. The pattern reverses, breathing slows and becomes
shallow, climaxing in apnea before respiration resumes
Usually happens when someone is about to die/comatose patients
Normal vital signs ✔Correct Answer-*O2*: 95-100% - generally normal (<92% suggests hypoxemia)
*Resp rate*: 12-20 bpm
*BP*: 120/80 (ideal), 130/85 (normal)
*Heart rate*: 60-100
*Temp*: ~36-37.7 (38.0 indicates fever)
Define the following abbreviations:
AC
HS
PC
OD
PR
QD ✔Correct Answer-AC - before meals
HS - at bedtime
PC - after meals
OD - once a day
PR - rectal
QD - everyday
What is the formula for drug calculations? ✔Correct Answer-D
-------------------- x V
H
Dose (over) what you have (times) the volume
Neuman's Systems Model ✔Correct Answer-Views the client as multidimensional and illness as
multicausal. Looking at a client holistically through the 5 variables:
-Physiological
-Psychological
-Sociocultural
-Developmental
-Spiritual
3 levels of prevention ✔Correct Answer-*Primary prevention* - Aim to reduce the possibility of the
client's encounter with the stressor or to strengthen the flexible line of defense *prevent it before it
happens*
,*Secondary prevention* - Begins after the stressor has occurred. Functions to ensure the appropriate
treatment and decrease the negate impact of the stressor on the system *you have something and
you treat it*
*Tertiary prevention* - Maintain system stability *long haul maintenance*
Define transference vs. countertransference ✔Correct Answer-*Transference* - The unconscious
tendency of a patient to assign to others in the present environment feelings and attitudes
associated with significant persons in one's earlier life; especially, the patient's transfer to the
therapist of feelings and attitudes associated with a parent or similar person from childhood. The
feelings may be positive or negative (e.g. you remind them of their mother)
*Countertransference* - Same concept but the other way around (e.g. the client reminds you of your
grandfather)
3 skin layers ✔Correct Answer-*Epidermis* - out layer, can tell you about someones temperature
and circulation, protective layer (from bacteria), water insoluble
*Dermis* - blood vessels that feed the skin, vascular supply, subcutaneous glands, connective tissue
or collagen, elastic tissue
*Subcutaneous layer* - fat storage, insulation, protection (cushion)
Pressure ulcer ✔Correct Answer-It is any lesion (sore) caused by unrelieved pressure (laying
down/sitting for too long) and decreased blood supply that results in damage to the underlying
tissue
Can be found on: shoulders, hips, back, gluteus, heels... anywhere there is pressure
Risk factors include friction, immobility, poor nutrition, incontinence, decreased sensorium or
sensation, age, health
Assess - size, location, colour,exudate, temp, door, pain, swelling, surrounding pain (Use the braden
assessment tool - lower score means higher risk)
Interventions to prevent the formation of ulcers ✔Correct Answer--Encourage patient to mobilize
-Turn Q2H
-Use warm, not hot water
-Good nutrition
-Adequate fluids (2500mL/day)
-Keep client clean and dry
-Lift, don't drag over sheets to avoid tears
-Pat areas dry
Define shear ✔Correct Answer-Force exerted parallel to the skin (e.g. transferring a patient and
pulling their skin across the bed)
Define hypotension vs. hypertension vs. orthostatic hypotension ✔Correct Answer-*Hypotension*
- systolic falls <90mm HG
, *Hypertension* - >140/90mm HG (heart must continually pump against greater peripheral vascular
resistance)
*Orthostatic hypotension* - systolic pressure falls more than 15mm HG between sitting and standing
What are the high blood pressure categories? ✔Correct Answer-*Prehypertension* - 120-139 over
80-89
*Stage 1* - 140-159 over 90-99
*Stage 2* - 160 or higher over 100 or higher
*HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS* - higher than 180 over higher than 110
Stable angina ✔Correct Answer-Chest pain that occurs when the coronary vascular supply cannot
keep up with the metabolic demands of the heart
S/S: a squeezing "clenched fist", pain, diaphoresis, dyspnea, nausea, tachycardia
MEDS you would likely administer:
Aspirin to decrease viscosity of blood, nitroglycerin (vasodilator) PRN if prescribed
Arteries vs. veins ✔Correct Answer-*Arteries* carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and
*veins* return blood to the heart
Arteriosclerosis vs. atherosclerosis ✔Correct Answer-*Arteriosclerosis* - peripheral blood vessels
lose elasticity and become rigid - increasing BP
*Atherosclerosis* - deposit of fatty material in vessels/blockages - causes inflammation
Rheumatoid arthritis ✔Correct Answer-Chronic, inflammatory disease that primarily impacts juices
but may impact other systems
S/S - swelling, redness, heat, pain
Idiopathic in nature, may be hereditary
What is hypoxemia? ✔Correct Answer-Abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood
Assess O2 levels will detect the presence of hypoxemia
Factors that effect oxygen saturation include: hemoglobin, problems with circulation, individual is
shivering/lots of movement
Components of a neurological assessment ✔Correct Answer--MSE including LOC and orientation
-Cranial nerves
-Reflexes
-Motor function
-Sensory function
|Actual Complete Exam| Already Graded A+
Define kussmaul's breathing ✔Correct Answer-Abnormally deep, laboured breathing (very rapid,
sighing respirations) - typically a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis
Define cheyne-stokes breathing ✔Correct Answer-Irregular resps, characterized by *alternating
periods of apnea and hyperventilation*. Respiratory cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that
gradually increase to abnormal rate and depth. The pattern reverses, breathing slows and becomes
shallow, climaxing in apnea before respiration resumes
Usually happens when someone is about to die/comatose patients
Normal vital signs ✔Correct Answer-*O2*: 95-100% - generally normal (<92% suggests hypoxemia)
*Resp rate*: 12-20 bpm
*BP*: 120/80 (ideal), 130/85 (normal)
*Heart rate*: 60-100
*Temp*: ~36-37.7 (38.0 indicates fever)
Define the following abbreviations:
AC
HS
PC
OD
PR
QD ✔Correct Answer-AC - before meals
HS - at bedtime
PC - after meals
OD - once a day
PR - rectal
QD - everyday
What is the formula for drug calculations? ✔Correct Answer-D
-------------------- x V
H
Dose (over) what you have (times) the volume
Neuman's Systems Model ✔Correct Answer-Views the client as multidimensional and illness as
multicausal. Looking at a client holistically through the 5 variables:
-Physiological
-Psychological
-Sociocultural
-Developmental
-Spiritual
3 levels of prevention ✔Correct Answer-*Primary prevention* - Aim to reduce the possibility of the
client's encounter with the stressor or to strengthen the flexible line of defense *prevent it before it
happens*
,*Secondary prevention* - Begins after the stressor has occurred. Functions to ensure the appropriate
treatment and decrease the negate impact of the stressor on the system *you have something and
you treat it*
*Tertiary prevention* - Maintain system stability *long haul maintenance*
Define transference vs. countertransference ✔Correct Answer-*Transference* - The unconscious
tendency of a patient to assign to others in the present environment feelings and attitudes
associated with significant persons in one's earlier life; especially, the patient's transfer to the
therapist of feelings and attitudes associated with a parent or similar person from childhood. The
feelings may be positive or negative (e.g. you remind them of their mother)
*Countertransference* - Same concept but the other way around (e.g. the client reminds you of your
grandfather)
3 skin layers ✔Correct Answer-*Epidermis* - out layer, can tell you about someones temperature
and circulation, protective layer (from bacteria), water insoluble
*Dermis* - blood vessels that feed the skin, vascular supply, subcutaneous glands, connective tissue
or collagen, elastic tissue
*Subcutaneous layer* - fat storage, insulation, protection (cushion)
Pressure ulcer ✔Correct Answer-It is any lesion (sore) caused by unrelieved pressure (laying
down/sitting for too long) and decreased blood supply that results in damage to the underlying
tissue
Can be found on: shoulders, hips, back, gluteus, heels... anywhere there is pressure
Risk factors include friction, immobility, poor nutrition, incontinence, decreased sensorium or
sensation, age, health
Assess - size, location, colour,exudate, temp, door, pain, swelling, surrounding pain (Use the braden
assessment tool - lower score means higher risk)
Interventions to prevent the formation of ulcers ✔Correct Answer--Encourage patient to mobilize
-Turn Q2H
-Use warm, not hot water
-Good nutrition
-Adequate fluids (2500mL/day)
-Keep client clean and dry
-Lift, don't drag over sheets to avoid tears
-Pat areas dry
Define shear ✔Correct Answer-Force exerted parallel to the skin (e.g. transferring a patient and
pulling their skin across the bed)
Define hypotension vs. hypertension vs. orthostatic hypotension ✔Correct Answer-*Hypotension*
- systolic falls <90mm HG
, *Hypertension* - >140/90mm HG (heart must continually pump against greater peripheral vascular
resistance)
*Orthostatic hypotension* - systolic pressure falls more than 15mm HG between sitting and standing
What are the high blood pressure categories? ✔Correct Answer-*Prehypertension* - 120-139 over
80-89
*Stage 1* - 140-159 over 90-99
*Stage 2* - 160 or higher over 100 or higher
*HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS* - higher than 180 over higher than 110
Stable angina ✔Correct Answer-Chest pain that occurs when the coronary vascular supply cannot
keep up with the metabolic demands of the heart
S/S: a squeezing "clenched fist", pain, diaphoresis, dyspnea, nausea, tachycardia
MEDS you would likely administer:
Aspirin to decrease viscosity of blood, nitroglycerin (vasodilator) PRN if prescribed
Arteries vs. veins ✔Correct Answer-*Arteries* carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and
*veins* return blood to the heart
Arteriosclerosis vs. atherosclerosis ✔Correct Answer-*Arteriosclerosis* - peripheral blood vessels
lose elasticity and become rigid - increasing BP
*Atherosclerosis* - deposit of fatty material in vessels/blockages - causes inflammation
Rheumatoid arthritis ✔Correct Answer-Chronic, inflammatory disease that primarily impacts juices
but may impact other systems
S/S - swelling, redness, heat, pain
Idiopathic in nature, may be hereditary
What is hypoxemia? ✔Correct Answer-Abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood
Assess O2 levels will detect the presence of hypoxemia
Factors that effect oxygen saturation include: hemoglobin, problems with circulation, individual is
shivering/lots of movement
Components of a neurological assessment ✔Correct Answer--MSE including LOC and orientation
-Cranial nerves
-Reflexes
-Motor function
-Sensory function
