10/30/25, 3:21 PM Final Exam Study Material for BIO 253: Introduction to Digestion and Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards | Quizlet
FINAL EXAM BIO 253
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Terms in this set (212)
INTRO TO DIGESTION
the vein that collects blood from the GI tract, then hepatic vein takes it back to the
hepatic portal vein
heart
polysaccharides (starch and glycogen) and
disaccharides
1. carbohydrates
comes from saliva and pancreas; breaks down starch & polysaccharides into
amylase
disaccharides (not monosaccharides)
other enzymes come from brush border
sucrose gets broken down into glucose and fructose
polypeptides are broken down into amino acids
2. proteins
pepsin enzyme that breaks apart proteins
trypsin and chymotrypsin come from pancreas
3. lipids triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
triglyceride glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids; no brush border enzymes
come from oral mucosa and pancreas; converts triglyceride to monoglyceride plus
lipase
2 fatty acids
retention of osmotically active particles in the intestines results in inadequate fluid
osmotic diarrhea
absorption, water is not being absorbed (lactose intolerance, some laxatives)
excessive mucosal secretion by intestinal cells produces large-volume diarrhea
secretory diarrhea
(cholera toxin)
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, 10/30/25, 3:21 PM Final Exam Study Material for BIO 253: Introduction to Digestion and Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards | Quizlet
layers of the digestive tract ⬇️
serosa (visceral peritoneum) covers organs of abdominal cavity
mesothelium secretes serous fluids
muscularis externa thick layer of smooth muscle
myenteric plexus controls peristalsis and other contractions of muscularis externa
submucosa connective tissue containing capillaries, lymph vessels
mucosa innermost mucous membrane
submucosal plexus controls glandular secretion of mucosa
enteric nervous system the nervous system of the digestive tract that operates independently of CNS
REGULATION OF GI PROCESSES
stimuli⬇️ stretch, change in osmolarity, change in pH, specific molecules
mediators⬇️ long reflexes, short reflexes, hormones
responses motility changes, peristalsis, relaxation, constriction
long reflexes involves CNS, uses parasympathetic motor neurons
short reflexes do not involve CNS, enteric neurons in the wall of GI tract
hormones pass through the blood to find their target
stomach produces H+, contains pepsin, mucus, contraction/relaxation of pyloric sphincter
secretion of HCO3- and enzymes from the pancreas, secretion of bile (from
small intestine
gallbladder)
large intestine motility, propulsion and moving fecal material out
1. cephalic phase brain prepares stomach for the arrival of food; increases secretion and motility
2. gastric phase stomach regulates itself, stimulated by food; enhances secretion and motility
duodenum limits stomach activity and stimulates intestinal motility, monitors
3. intestinal phase
downstream
HORMONES
gastrin (stomach) acidifies stomach, promotes motility in stomach, small & large intestine
secretin (duodenum) inhibits stomach H+ production, stimulates HCO3- from pancreatic ducts
inhibits stomach H+ production, stimulates enzyme production from acinar cells
CCK (duodenum)
(pancreas) and gallbladder contraction
GIP (duodenum) stimulates insulin secretion
"incretin" molecules that stimulates insulin secretion and enhances insulin response
SECRETION
what causes a high pH in the stomach? food
when pH is high... stomach releases gastrin and histamine
histamine paracrine factor (signaling molecule)
as the pH of the stomach lumen becomes the venous blood from the stomach becomes more basic
more acidic...
https://quizlet.com/909092654/final-exam-bio-253-flash-cards/ 2/5
FINAL EXAM BIO 253
Leave the first rating
Save
Students also studied
The endocrine system BIOL 6 SA GI Pharm CHEMI
45 terms 42 terms 27 terms 24 terms
Haillie562 Preview Kya_Papaya Preview carolineevelyn Preview tha
Terms in this set (212)
INTRO TO DIGESTION
the vein that collects blood from the GI tract, then hepatic vein takes it back to the
hepatic portal vein
heart
polysaccharides (starch and glycogen) and
disaccharides
1. carbohydrates
comes from saliva and pancreas; breaks down starch & polysaccharides into
amylase
disaccharides (not monosaccharides)
other enzymes come from brush border
sucrose gets broken down into glucose and fructose
polypeptides are broken down into amino acids
2. proteins
pepsin enzyme that breaks apart proteins
trypsin and chymotrypsin come from pancreas
3. lipids triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
triglyceride glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids; no brush border enzymes
come from oral mucosa and pancreas; converts triglyceride to monoglyceride plus
lipase
2 fatty acids
retention of osmotically active particles in the intestines results in inadequate fluid
osmotic diarrhea
absorption, water is not being absorbed (lactose intolerance, some laxatives)
excessive mucosal secretion by intestinal cells produces large-volume diarrhea
secretory diarrhea
(cholera toxin)
https://quizlet.com/909092654/final-exam-bio-253-flash-cards/ 1/5
, 10/30/25, 3:21 PM Final Exam Study Material for BIO 253: Introduction to Digestion and Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards | Quizlet
layers of the digestive tract ⬇️
serosa (visceral peritoneum) covers organs of abdominal cavity
mesothelium secretes serous fluids
muscularis externa thick layer of smooth muscle
myenteric plexus controls peristalsis and other contractions of muscularis externa
submucosa connective tissue containing capillaries, lymph vessels
mucosa innermost mucous membrane
submucosal plexus controls glandular secretion of mucosa
enteric nervous system the nervous system of the digestive tract that operates independently of CNS
REGULATION OF GI PROCESSES
stimuli⬇️ stretch, change in osmolarity, change in pH, specific molecules
mediators⬇️ long reflexes, short reflexes, hormones
responses motility changes, peristalsis, relaxation, constriction
long reflexes involves CNS, uses parasympathetic motor neurons
short reflexes do not involve CNS, enteric neurons in the wall of GI tract
hormones pass through the blood to find their target
stomach produces H+, contains pepsin, mucus, contraction/relaxation of pyloric sphincter
secretion of HCO3- and enzymes from the pancreas, secretion of bile (from
small intestine
gallbladder)
large intestine motility, propulsion and moving fecal material out
1. cephalic phase brain prepares stomach for the arrival of food; increases secretion and motility
2. gastric phase stomach regulates itself, stimulated by food; enhances secretion and motility
duodenum limits stomach activity and stimulates intestinal motility, monitors
3. intestinal phase
downstream
HORMONES
gastrin (stomach) acidifies stomach, promotes motility in stomach, small & large intestine
secretin (duodenum) inhibits stomach H+ production, stimulates HCO3- from pancreatic ducts
inhibits stomach H+ production, stimulates enzyme production from acinar cells
CCK (duodenum)
(pancreas) and gallbladder contraction
GIP (duodenum) stimulates insulin secretion
"incretin" molecules that stimulates insulin secretion and enhances insulin response
SECRETION
what causes a high pH in the stomach? food
when pH is high... stomach releases gastrin and histamine
histamine paracrine factor (signaling molecule)
as the pH of the stomach lumen becomes the venous blood from the stomach becomes more basic
more acidic...
https://quizlet.com/909092654/final-exam-bio-253-flash-cards/ 2/5
