NUSCTX 10S MIDTERM EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Table salt - ✔✔Sodium chloride (NaCl) which separates into sodium (Na+) and
chloride (Cl-).
✔✔Extracellular electrolytes - ✔✔Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-).
✔✔Intracellular electrolytes - ✔✔Potassium (K+).
✔✔Nerve Impulses - ✔✔Electrical signals generated by electrolyte concentration
changes.
✔✔Muscle Response - ✔✔Muscle contraction triggered by electrolyte and calcium
changes.
✔✔Calcium Role - ✔✔Essential for muscle contraction alongside electrolyte balance.
✔✔Acids - ✔✔Chemical agents releasing hydrogen ions in water.
✔✔Strong Acids - ✔✔Completely dissociate in water, releasing maximum hydrogen
ions.
✔✔Weak Acids - ✔✔Partially dissociate in water, releasing fewer hydrogen ions.
✔✔Hydrochloric Acid - ✔✔Strong acid used in digestion and industrial processes.
✔✔Acetic Acid - ✔✔Weak acid found in vinegar, commonly used in cooking.
✔✔Citric Acid - ✔✔Weak acid present in citrus fruits like oranges.
✔✔pH Scale - ✔✔Measures acidity; lower values indicate higher acidity.
✔✔Calcium - ✔✔Essential electrolyte for bone health and density.
✔✔Sodium - ✔✔Excess intake leads to calcium loss from bones.
✔✔Bone Density - ✔✔Measurement of bone strength and mineral content.
✔✔Kidneys - ✔✔Organs that regulate electrolyte levels in blood.
✔✔Reabsorption - ✔✔Process of kidneys retaining substances like sodium.
, ✔✔Fluid Balance - ✔✔Maintenance of appropriate water levels in the body.
✔✔Salt-Sensitive Individuals - ✔✔People who retain water due to poor filtration.
✔✔Blood Volume (BV) - ✔✔Total amount of blood in the circulatory system.
✔✔Blood Pressure (BP) - ✔✔Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
✔✔Hyponatremia - ✔✔Sodium deficiency causing headaches and muscle cramps.
✔✔Toxicity effects - ✔✔Includes high blood pressure and bloating.
✔✔Estimated requirement - ✔✔Daily sodium intake needed: 200-500 mg.
✔✔AI - ✔✔Adequate Intake for sodium: 1,500 mg/d (19-50 y.o.).
✔✔UL - ✔✔Tolerable Upper Intake Level: 2,300 mg/d (1 tsp salt).
✔✔Average US intake - ✔✔Typical sodium consumption in the US: 3,300 mg/d.
✔✔Sources of sodium - ✔✔Common sodium sources include salt and processed foods.
✔✔Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔Hormone that retains water, increasing blood
pressure.
✔✔Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway - ✔✔System regulating sodium, potassium,
and hydrogen levels.
✔✔Blood pressure regulation - ✔✔Involves constricting vessels and increasing fluid
volume.
✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔Hormone that reabsorbs salt and water equally.
✔✔Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ✔✔Hormone that reabsorbs only water.
✔✔Blood Dilution - ✔✔Aldosterone does not dilute blood composition.
✔✔Exercise-Associated Hyponatraemia - ✔✔Condition from excessive water intake
causing low sodium.
✔✔Sodium Levels - ✔✔Essential electrolyte; critical for nerve and muscle function.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Table salt - ✔✔Sodium chloride (NaCl) which separates into sodium (Na+) and
chloride (Cl-).
✔✔Extracellular electrolytes - ✔✔Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-).
✔✔Intracellular electrolytes - ✔✔Potassium (K+).
✔✔Nerve Impulses - ✔✔Electrical signals generated by electrolyte concentration
changes.
✔✔Muscle Response - ✔✔Muscle contraction triggered by electrolyte and calcium
changes.
✔✔Calcium Role - ✔✔Essential for muscle contraction alongside electrolyte balance.
✔✔Acids - ✔✔Chemical agents releasing hydrogen ions in water.
✔✔Strong Acids - ✔✔Completely dissociate in water, releasing maximum hydrogen
ions.
✔✔Weak Acids - ✔✔Partially dissociate in water, releasing fewer hydrogen ions.
✔✔Hydrochloric Acid - ✔✔Strong acid used in digestion and industrial processes.
✔✔Acetic Acid - ✔✔Weak acid found in vinegar, commonly used in cooking.
✔✔Citric Acid - ✔✔Weak acid present in citrus fruits like oranges.
✔✔pH Scale - ✔✔Measures acidity; lower values indicate higher acidity.
✔✔Calcium - ✔✔Essential electrolyte for bone health and density.
✔✔Sodium - ✔✔Excess intake leads to calcium loss from bones.
✔✔Bone Density - ✔✔Measurement of bone strength and mineral content.
✔✔Kidneys - ✔✔Organs that regulate electrolyte levels in blood.
✔✔Reabsorption - ✔✔Process of kidneys retaining substances like sodium.
, ✔✔Fluid Balance - ✔✔Maintenance of appropriate water levels in the body.
✔✔Salt-Sensitive Individuals - ✔✔People who retain water due to poor filtration.
✔✔Blood Volume (BV) - ✔✔Total amount of blood in the circulatory system.
✔✔Blood Pressure (BP) - ✔✔Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.
✔✔Hyponatremia - ✔✔Sodium deficiency causing headaches and muscle cramps.
✔✔Toxicity effects - ✔✔Includes high blood pressure and bloating.
✔✔Estimated requirement - ✔✔Daily sodium intake needed: 200-500 mg.
✔✔AI - ✔✔Adequate Intake for sodium: 1,500 mg/d (19-50 y.o.).
✔✔UL - ✔✔Tolerable Upper Intake Level: 2,300 mg/d (1 tsp salt).
✔✔Average US intake - ✔✔Typical sodium consumption in the US: 3,300 mg/d.
✔✔Sources of sodium - ✔✔Common sodium sources include salt and processed foods.
✔✔Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔Hormone that retains water, increasing blood
pressure.
✔✔Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway - ✔✔System regulating sodium, potassium,
and hydrogen levels.
✔✔Blood pressure regulation - ✔✔Involves constricting vessels and increasing fluid
volume.
✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔Hormone that reabsorbs salt and water equally.
✔✔Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - ✔✔Hormone that reabsorbs only water.
✔✔Blood Dilution - ✔✔Aldosterone does not dilute blood composition.
✔✔Exercise-Associated Hyponatraemia - ✔✔Condition from excessive water intake
causing low sodium.
✔✔Sodium Levels - ✔✔Essential electrolyte; critical for nerve and muscle function.
