NUSCTX 10S ACTUAL FINAL PAPER UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Respiration - ✔✔A process in living things that creates energy by using oxygen and
releasing carbon dioxide from breaking down food.
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔1) Converts glucose into pyruvate
2) Releases energy to produce ATP
✔✔Factors affecting BASAL METABOLIC RATE - ✔✔• Age, Growth
• Height, % lean tissue
• Fasting, starvation, malnutrition
• Fever
• Hormones: thyroxin
• Sleep
✔✔Turnover - ✔✔Continuous loss and replacement of cells or tissues.
✔✔Half-Life (T₁/₂) - ✔✔Time for a substance in the body to decrease by half.
✔✔Energy Balance - ✔✔Formula: Energy In - Energy Out
✔✔Positive Balance - ✔✔Eating more than you burn → Weight gain
✔✔Negative Balance - ✔✔Eating less than you burn → Weight loss
✔✔Energy Out: Basal Metabolism, Depends on, affected by - ✔✔Basal Metabolism:
Energy for life-sustaining processes (~70% of total energy use)
Depends on: Lean body mass
Affected by: Illness, food intake, temperature, stress, and BMR changes
✔✔Energy Out: Adaptive Thermogenesis - ✔✔Body adjusts energy use based on
conditions (e.g., stress, trauma, overeating)
Shivering & heat production burn extra calories
Different for everyone
✔✔Energy Out: Physical Activity - ✔✔Biggest factor in energy expenditure
More movement = more calories burned
Example: Running 39 miles at 10 mph to lose 1 lb of fat!
✔✔Energy In: Why Do We Eat? - ✔✔Hunger = Body needs food
Appetite = Desire to eat
Satiety = Feeling full after eating
Controlled by the hypothalamus (regulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature)
, 4o
✔✔What is Pair-Feeding? - ✔✔Experimental method to control food or calorie intake
Ensures all animal groups eat the same amount
Prevents effects caused by differences in food intake
✔✔Functions of Body Water - ✔✔1. Dissolves solutes
2. Transports water-soluble substances
3. Maintains blood volume & pressure
4. Provides lubrication & protection
5. Regulates body temperature
6. Supports chemical reactions
7. Helps maintain pH
✔✔Intracellular Fluid - ✔✔Fluid located within cells, comprising 2/3 of total.
✔✔Extracellular Fluid - ✔✔Fluid outside cells, comprising 1/3 of total.
✔✔Interstitial Fluid - ✔✔Fluid between cells, part of extracellular fluid.
✔✔Intravascular Fluid - ✔✔Fluid inside blood vessels and lymphatic system.
✔✔Cell Burst - ✔✔Occurs with increased intracellular fluid levels.
✔✔Cell Collapse - ✔✔Occurs with decreased intracellular fluid levels.
✔✔Intracellular fluid - ✔✔The fluid located inside the cell
✔✔pH - ✔✔The level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
✔✔Extracellular fluid - ✔✔Fluid outside the cell (such as interstitial fluid, blood plasma,
lymph, spinal column)
✔✔Blood Pressure - ✔✔Force exerted by blood on artery walls
✔✔Body fluids - ✔✔Composed of water and dissolved substances.
✔✔Water percentage in body - ✔✔50-70% of total body weight.
✔✔Water in blood - ✔✔90% of blood's composition is water.
✔✔Water in muscle - ✔✔75% of muscle tissue consists of water.
✔✔Water in bone - ✔✔25% of bone mass is made of water.
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Respiration - ✔✔A process in living things that creates energy by using oxygen and
releasing carbon dioxide from breaking down food.
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔1) Converts glucose into pyruvate
2) Releases energy to produce ATP
✔✔Factors affecting BASAL METABOLIC RATE - ✔✔• Age, Growth
• Height, % lean tissue
• Fasting, starvation, malnutrition
• Fever
• Hormones: thyroxin
• Sleep
✔✔Turnover - ✔✔Continuous loss and replacement of cells or tissues.
✔✔Half-Life (T₁/₂) - ✔✔Time for a substance in the body to decrease by half.
✔✔Energy Balance - ✔✔Formula: Energy In - Energy Out
✔✔Positive Balance - ✔✔Eating more than you burn → Weight gain
✔✔Negative Balance - ✔✔Eating less than you burn → Weight loss
✔✔Energy Out: Basal Metabolism, Depends on, affected by - ✔✔Basal Metabolism:
Energy for life-sustaining processes (~70% of total energy use)
Depends on: Lean body mass
Affected by: Illness, food intake, temperature, stress, and BMR changes
✔✔Energy Out: Adaptive Thermogenesis - ✔✔Body adjusts energy use based on
conditions (e.g., stress, trauma, overeating)
Shivering & heat production burn extra calories
Different for everyone
✔✔Energy Out: Physical Activity - ✔✔Biggest factor in energy expenditure
More movement = more calories burned
Example: Running 39 miles at 10 mph to lose 1 lb of fat!
✔✔Energy In: Why Do We Eat? - ✔✔Hunger = Body needs food
Appetite = Desire to eat
Satiety = Feeling full after eating
Controlled by the hypothalamus (regulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature)
, 4o
✔✔What is Pair-Feeding? - ✔✔Experimental method to control food or calorie intake
Ensures all animal groups eat the same amount
Prevents effects caused by differences in food intake
✔✔Functions of Body Water - ✔✔1. Dissolves solutes
2. Transports water-soluble substances
3. Maintains blood volume & pressure
4. Provides lubrication & protection
5. Regulates body temperature
6. Supports chemical reactions
7. Helps maintain pH
✔✔Intracellular Fluid - ✔✔Fluid located within cells, comprising 2/3 of total.
✔✔Extracellular Fluid - ✔✔Fluid outside cells, comprising 1/3 of total.
✔✔Interstitial Fluid - ✔✔Fluid between cells, part of extracellular fluid.
✔✔Intravascular Fluid - ✔✔Fluid inside blood vessels and lymphatic system.
✔✔Cell Burst - ✔✔Occurs with increased intracellular fluid levels.
✔✔Cell Collapse - ✔✔Occurs with decreased intracellular fluid levels.
✔✔Intracellular fluid - ✔✔The fluid located inside the cell
✔✔pH - ✔✔The level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
✔✔Extracellular fluid - ✔✔Fluid outside the cell (such as interstitial fluid, blood plasma,
lymph, spinal column)
✔✔Blood Pressure - ✔✔Force exerted by blood on artery walls
✔✔Body fluids - ✔✔Composed of water and dissolved substances.
✔✔Water percentage in body - ✔✔50-70% of total body weight.
✔✔Water in blood - ✔✔90% of blood's composition is water.
✔✔Water in muscle - ✔✔75% of muscle tissue consists of water.
✔✔Water in bone - ✔✔25% of bone mass is made of water.
