HNG 540 STUDY EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
✔✔symptoms of C. diff - ✔✔diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever; severe cases can lead
to colitis
✔✔antibiotic of choice for c. diff - ✔✔glycopeptides: vancomycin
✔✔community acquired pneumonia - ✔✔acute respiratory infection of the lungs
contracted outside of a health care setting
✔✔What is the most common bacterial cause of community acquired pneumonia? -
✔✔streptococcus pneumoniae
✔✔What other pathogens can cause community acquire pneumonia> - ✔✔Influenza A,
mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydophila pneumoniae
✔✔What is the main antibiotic used to treat community acquired pneumonia caused by
strep. pneumoniae? - ✔✔usually a beta-lactam like cefalexin, amoxicillin or amoxicillin-
clavulanate
✔✔what is the newest approach for treating pneumonia is patients younger than 65
without comorbities? - ✔✔amoxicillin and a microlide like azithromycin
✔✔What type of antibiotic can be used in monotherapy for community acquired
pneumonia? - ✔✔fluoroquinolones
✔✔Macrolide antibiotics mechanism of action - ✔✔inhibit growth of bacteria by
interfering with their protein synthesis
✔✔what are macrolides used to treat? - ✔✔respiratory tract infections and skin
infections
✔✔example of a macrolide antibiotic - ✔✔erythromycin
✔✔other examples of a macrolide antibiotic - ✔✔azithromycin, clarithromycin
✔✔Side effects of erythromycin (macrolides) - ✔✔GI upset and nausea
✔✔how do you decrease the adverse effects of erythromycin (macrolides)? - ✔✔take
these antibiotics with food
✔✔sulfonamides example - ✔✔sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (bactrim)
, ✔✔sulfonamides mechanism of action - ✔✔interferes with folic acid synthesis, an
essential component for producing DNA, RNA and proteins in bacteria
✔✔what populations are sulfonamides contraindicated in? - ✔✔infants younger than 2
months and pregnant patients
✔✔minimum inhibitory concentration - ✔✔the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial
agent (such as an antibiotic) that inhibits the visible growth of a microorganism
✔✔selective toxicity - ✔✔the ability of an antimicrobial agent to selectively target and
inhibit the growth or survival of microorganisms without causing significant harm to the
host (human or animal) cells
✔✔cytomegalovirus - ✔✔common herpes virus that can cause infection in all people,
usually asymptomatic unless they have weakened immune systems, such as those with
HIV/AIDs or transplant recipients
✔✔What antiviral is commonly used to treat CMV? - ✔✔ganciclovir
✔✔what is the oral prodrug of ganciclovir that is most frequently used? -
✔✔valganciclovir
✔✔mechanism of action of valganciclovir - ✔✔inhibits the replication of the virus and
are often used to manage and prevent CMV infection in immunocompromised
individuals
✔✔What is oseltamivir? - ✔✔tamiflu
✔✔what is oseltamivir used for? - ✔✔the treatment and prevention of influenza caused
by flu A and B viruses
✔✔mechanism of action of oseltamivir? - ✔✔inhibits the activity of neuraminidase
enzyme, which is essential for releasing newly formed virus particles from infected cells
✔✔When is oseltamivir most effective? - ✔✔when administered early in the course of
the disease, within 48 hours of symptom onset
✔✔What is acyclovir used for? - ✔✔herpes virus and varicella-zoster virus
✔✔acyclovir mechanism of action - ✔✔involved in the conversion to acyclovir
triphosphate, which selectively inhibits viral DNA synthesis
GRADED A+
✔✔symptoms of C. diff - ✔✔diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever; severe cases can lead
to colitis
✔✔antibiotic of choice for c. diff - ✔✔glycopeptides: vancomycin
✔✔community acquired pneumonia - ✔✔acute respiratory infection of the lungs
contracted outside of a health care setting
✔✔What is the most common bacterial cause of community acquired pneumonia? -
✔✔streptococcus pneumoniae
✔✔What other pathogens can cause community acquire pneumonia> - ✔✔Influenza A,
mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydophila pneumoniae
✔✔What is the main antibiotic used to treat community acquired pneumonia caused by
strep. pneumoniae? - ✔✔usually a beta-lactam like cefalexin, amoxicillin or amoxicillin-
clavulanate
✔✔what is the newest approach for treating pneumonia is patients younger than 65
without comorbities? - ✔✔amoxicillin and a microlide like azithromycin
✔✔What type of antibiotic can be used in monotherapy for community acquired
pneumonia? - ✔✔fluoroquinolones
✔✔Macrolide antibiotics mechanism of action - ✔✔inhibit growth of bacteria by
interfering with their protein synthesis
✔✔what are macrolides used to treat? - ✔✔respiratory tract infections and skin
infections
✔✔example of a macrolide antibiotic - ✔✔erythromycin
✔✔other examples of a macrolide antibiotic - ✔✔azithromycin, clarithromycin
✔✔Side effects of erythromycin (macrolides) - ✔✔GI upset and nausea
✔✔how do you decrease the adverse effects of erythromycin (macrolides)? - ✔✔take
these antibiotics with food
✔✔sulfonamides example - ✔✔sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (bactrim)
, ✔✔sulfonamides mechanism of action - ✔✔interferes with folic acid synthesis, an
essential component for producing DNA, RNA and proteins in bacteria
✔✔what populations are sulfonamides contraindicated in? - ✔✔infants younger than 2
months and pregnant patients
✔✔minimum inhibitory concentration - ✔✔the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial
agent (such as an antibiotic) that inhibits the visible growth of a microorganism
✔✔selective toxicity - ✔✔the ability of an antimicrobial agent to selectively target and
inhibit the growth or survival of microorganisms without causing significant harm to the
host (human or animal) cells
✔✔cytomegalovirus - ✔✔common herpes virus that can cause infection in all people,
usually asymptomatic unless they have weakened immune systems, such as those with
HIV/AIDs or transplant recipients
✔✔What antiviral is commonly used to treat CMV? - ✔✔ganciclovir
✔✔what is the oral prodrug of ganciclovir that is most frequently used? -
✔✔valganciclovir
✔✔mechanism of action of valganciclovir - ✔✔inhibits the replication of the virus and
are often used to manage and prevent CMV infection in immunocompromised
individuals
✔✔What is oseltamivir? - ✔✔tamiflu
✔✔what is oseltamivir used for? - ✔✔the treatment and prevention of influenza caused
by flu A and B viruses
✔✔mechanism of action of oseltamivir? - ✔✔inhibits the activity of neuraminidase
enzyme, which is essential for releasing newly formed virus particles from infected cells
✔✔When is oseltamivir most effective? - ✔✔when administered early in the course of
the disease, within 48 hours of symptom onset
✔✔What is acyclovir used for? - ✔✔herpes virus and varicella-zoster virus
✔✔acyclovir mechanism of action - ✔✔involved in the conversion to acyclovir
triphosphate, which selectively inhibits viral DNA synthesis
