HNG 540 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔How many half lives does it take for a drug to reach a steady state? - ✔✔4-5;
identifies proper dosing frequency
✔✔a drug has a half-life of 12 hours. How many days would it take to reach a steady
state? - ✔✔2 - 2.5 days or 48 - 60 hours
✔✔what is the difference between a brand name and generic name medications? -
✔✔the same composition but additive ingredients may be different and can affect
metabolism
✔✔brand names - ✔✔company that made or sold drugs; the initial formulation
✔✔Generic names of drugs - ✔✔after a given amount of time companies outside the
brand name company can create a drug and sell it under the generic name; it is the
same medication as the brand name but additive ingredients are different and can affect
metabolism
ex: synthroid v levothryoxine
✔✔CYP 3A4 - ✔✔metabolizes so many different thing, presents in cells lining the GI
tract and can be influences by foods and drink
ex: grapefruit inhibits and can increase blood levels of statins
✔✔what are prodrugs? - ✔✔inactive compounds that rely on metabolism to become
active; rely on biotransformation to become and active drug
✔✔how are drugs compared? - ✔✔potency (how much drug is needed to produce an
effect), efficacy (the ability of a drug to produce maximum effect at any dose), intrinsic
activity (ability of a drug to produce a large response), selectivity (admininstering drugs
with a goal in mind including level of response
✔✔genetic polymorphism - ✔✔multiple difference of a DNA sequence found in at least
1% of the population; mutant gene copy is expressed
✔✔what is pharmacogenomics? - ✔✔a branch of science concerned with identification
of the genetic attributes of an individual that lead to variable responses to drugs
✔✔Pharmacogenetics - ✔✔the study of INFLUENCE of hereditary factors on the
response of individual drugs; study of the ROLE of genetic factors in drug disposition
and toxicity
, ✔✔Pharmacogenomics - ✔✔The study of the effects of genetic differences among
people and the impact that these differences have on the uptake, effectiveness, toxicity,
and metabolism of drugs; usually applied to a population
✔✔pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics - ✔✔disciplines that combine
pharmacology and genomic capabilities; concerns with using DNA and amino acid
sequence data to guide drug development and testing; an important application is
correlating individual genetic variation with drug response; USED INTERCHANGEBLY
BUT NOT THE SAME
✔✔Why do we all react differently to the same drug? - ✔✔drugs are excreted in
chemically altered forms relative ot those in which they are administered, enzymes are
involved, disproportionate responses result from deficiency or excess of the required
enzyme
✔✔what are the factors that affect drugs and their actions? - ✔✔environmental (diet,
smoking, toxins), physiological (age, gender, disease state), patient compliance
✔✔Genetic influence - ✔✔relates variations in human genes to variability in drug
responses at the level of the individual patient
✔✔True/ False: genetic influence on enzymes and transporters do not play a significant
role in the drug metabolizing process - ✔✔False; it does
✔✔what is the goal of pharmacogenetics? - ✔✔to personalize medication selection and
dosing, optimizing treatment outcomes; finding the right drug for the right patient
✔✔how does pharmacogenomics work? - ✔✔examines genes for variations in proteins
that influence drug response; some proteins include a number of liver enzymes that
convert medications into active or inactive forms; genes are responsible for how bodies
react to medications
✔✔What are the advantages of genomic research? - ✔✔- enables more personal
approaches to using and developing drugs
- HCPs will be able to routinely use information about a person's genetic make-up to
select drugs and doses that offer the greates chance of helping; can also save time and
money
✔✔What are the uses for pharmacogenomics? - ✔✔playing a role in id'ing responders
and non-responders to medications to avoid adverse events and optimize drug dose;
drug labels can contain info on genomic biomarkers and describe risks for events, etc.;
also for HIV, breast cancer and colon cancer
✔✔pharmacogenetic testing - ✔✔involves analyzing an individuals genetic profile to
indentify specific CYP 450 enzyme variations and other relevant genetic markers
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔How many half lives does it take for a drug to reach a steady state? - ✔✔4-5;
identifies proper dosing frequency
✔✔a drug has a half-life of 12 hours. How many days would it take to reach a steady
state? - ✔✔2 - 2.5 days or 48 - 60 hours
✔✔what is the difference between a brand name and generic name medications? -
✔✔the same composition but additive ingredients may be different and can affect
metabolism
✔✔brand names - ✔✔company that made or sold drugs; the initial formulation
✔✔Generic names of drugs - ✔✔after a given amount of time companies outside the
brand name company can create a drug and sell it under the generic name; it is the
same medication as the brand name but additive ingredients are different and can affect
metabolism
ex: synthroid v levothryoxine
✔✔CYP 3A4 - ✔✔metabolizes so many different thing, presents in cells lining the GI
tract and can be influences by foods and drink
ex: grapefruit inhibits and can increase blood levels of statins
✔✔what are prodrugs? - ✔✔inactive compounds that rely on metabolism to become
active; rely on biotransformation to become and active drug
✔✔how are drugs compared? - ✔✔potency (how much drug is needed to produce an
effect), efficacy (the ability of a drug to produce maximum effect at any dose), intrinsic
activity (ability of a drug to produce a large response), selectivity (admininstering drugs
with a goal in mind including level of response
✔✔genetic polymorphism - ✔✔multiple difference of a DNA sequence found in at least
1% of the population; mutant gene copy is expressed
✔✔what is pharmacogenomics? - ✔✔a branch of science concerned with identification
of the genetic attributes of an individual that lead to variable responses to drugs
✔✔Pharmacogenetics - ✔✔the study of INFLUENCE of hereditary factors on the
response of individual drugs; study of the ROLE of genetic factors in drug disposition
and toxicity
, ✔✔Pharmacogenomics - ✔✔The study of the effects of genetic differences among
people and the impact that these differences have on the uptake, effectiveness, toxicity,
and metabolism of drugs; usually applied to a population
✔✔pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics - ✔✔disciplines that combine
pharmacology and genomic capabilities; concerns with using DNA and amino acid
sequence data to guide drug development and testing; an important application is
correlating individual genetic variation with drug response; USED INTERCHANGEBLY
BUT NOT THE SAME
✔✔Why do we all react differently to the same drug? - ✔✔drugs are excreted in
chemically altered forms relative ot those in which they are administered, enzymes are
involved, disproportionate responses result from deficiency or excess of the required
enzyme
✔✔what are the factors that affect drugs and their actions? - ✔✔environmental (diet,
smoking, toxins), physiological (age, gender, disease state), patient compliance
✔✔Genetic influence - ✔✔relates variations in human genes to variability in drug
responses at the level of the individual patient
✔✔True/ False: genetic influence on enzymes and transporters do not play a significant
role in the drug metabolizing process - ✔✔False; it does
✔✔what is the goal of pharmacogenetics? - ✔✔to personalize medication selection and
dosing, optimizing treatment outcomes; finding the right drug for the right patient
✔✔how does pharmacogenomics work? - ✔✔examines genes for variations in proteins
that influence drug response; some proteins include a number of liver enzymes that
convert medications into active or inactive forms; genes are responsible for how bodies
react to medications
✔✔What are the advantages of genomic research? - ✔✔- enables more personal
approaches to using and developing drugs
- HCPs will be able to routinely use information about a person's genetic make-up to
select drugs and doses that offer the greates chance of helping; can also save time and
money
✔✔What are the uses for pharmacogenomics? - ✔✔playing a role in id'ing responders
and non-responders to medications to avoid adverse events and optimize drug dose;
drug labels can contain info on genomic biomarkers and describe risks for events, etc.;
also for HIV, breast cancer and colon cancer
✔✔pharmacogenetic testing - ✔✔involves analyzing an individuals genetic profile to
indentify specific CYP 450 enzyme variations and other relevant genetic markers
