Food Microbiology Exam queries and
answers graded A+
What are two naturally occurring anti-microbial defenses in milk? - ANS✅✅Lysozyme and
Lactoferrin
What causes the greatest amount (77%) of outbreaks associated with raw milk? -
ANS✅✅Campylobacter
Does pasteurization kill all pathogens in milk? - ANS✅✅No, it brings them down to safe levels.
What is the first procedural step in designing a HACCP program? - ANS✅✅Develop a Prerequisite
Program
In the study conducted in Turkey over HACCP, what percent of employees lacked knowledge about
HACCP? - ANS✅✅83.5% ---> 84%
What are the three categories for food safety hazards? - ANS✅✅Biological, Physical, and Chemical
Define what an antagonistic relation is? - ANS✅✅Microorganisms that inhibit others / reduce their
growth thanks to metabolites.
List three characteristics of an ideal antagonistic microorganism? - ANS✅✅1. Resistant to
pesticides
2. Non-pathogenic to host
3. Effective in low concentrations
Name three considerations needed to increase efficacy of antagonistic microorganisms? -
ANS✅✅1. Use mixed cultures
2. Manipulate environment/chemical conditions
3. Combine with other hurdles.
Pet food labeling is regulated at what two levels? - ANS✅✅1. Federal
,2. State
Is there a requirement that Pet Food products have pre-market approval by the FDA? - ANS✅✅No,
there is no requirement
FDAs Food and Cosmetic Act require animal feed like human and pet food to be what three things? -
ANS✅✅1. Be pure and Wholesome
2. Produced under sanitary conditions
3. Be truthfully labeled.
What further research do you think should be done in the area of biofilms? - ANS✅✅Better
hurdles for prevention and mitigation of biofilm formation.
What are good daily practices to help prevent biofilm formation in a facility? (3) - ANS✅✅1.
Biofilm degrading enzymes
2. Sanitize all surfaces
3. Use interventions on a cycle basis
Could biofilm formation be significant in regards to other pathogens as well? - ANS✅✅Yes, many
pathogens form biofilms. Salmonella also forms a biofilm. Serotypes 1/2b and 4b especially.
Due to characteristics of bacteriophages used for biocontrol, it is expected that the following groups
are at risk if they get into contact with them:
A. Yeast and Fungi
B. Immunocompromised and healthy individuals
C. Rats, dogs, horses, and some other animals.
D. None of them - ANS✅✅D. None of them
The use of bacteriophages as an antimicrobial must be declared on the label of the product as an
additive.
Tru or False - ANS✅✅True
Name 2 desirable characteristics of bacteriophages or 2 reasons what will lead you to use them in a
food product and explain. - ANS✅✅1. Natural in the environment
, 2. They are target specific
Name 4 goals of the NARMS? - ANS✅✅1. To educate
2. Isolation
3. Research
4. Provide data to FDA
List 3 ways antimicrobials are miss used in feed animals. - ANS✅✅1. Treatment
2. Disease Prevention
3. Growth Promoters
What is the difference between Antibiotics and Antimicrobials? - ANS✅✅• Antimicrobials act
against a wide variety of organisms while antibiotics act only against bacteria.
• Antimicrobials include antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti helminthes and anti protozoa.
• Unlike in most of the antimicrobials, resistance is a problem with antibiotics.
How much more is Raw Milk likely to cause food borne illness? - ANS✅✅150 times more likely
Mention the time and temperature for the HTST pasteurization? - ANS✅✅161°F for 15 sec
Under which regulation is the interstate sale of raw milk prohibited? - ANS✅✅21 CFR 1240.61 -
Code of Federal Regulations
What are the three types of rays that were approved for food irradiation and their penetration
power? - ANS✅✅1. X-ray: 15" of penetration
2. Gamma ray: 15" of penetration
3. Electronic beam: 3.5" of penetration
What are the main factors that help achieve the desired dose? - ANS✅✅1. Duration of exposure
2. Location of product to source
What are the purposes of food irradiation? (5) - ANS✅✅1. Preserve
answers graded A+
What are two naturally occurring anti-microbial defenses in milk? - ANS✅✅Lysozyme and
Lactoferrin
What causes the greatest amount (77%) of outbreaks associated with raw milk? -
ANS✅✅Campylobacter
Does pasteurization kill all pathogens in milk? - ANS✅✅No, it brings them down to safe levels.
What is the first procedural step in designing a HACCP program? - ANS✅✅Develop a Prerequisite
Program
In the study conducted in Turkey over HACCP, what percent of employees lacked knowledge about
HACCP? - ANS✅✅83.5% ---> 84%
What are the three categories for food safety hazards? - ANS✅✅Biological, Physical, and Chemical
Define what an antagonistic relation is? - ANS✅✅Microorganisms that inhibit others / reduce their
growth thanks to metabolites.
List three characteristics of an ideal antagonistic microorganism? - ANS✅✅1. Resistant to
pesticides
2. Non-pathogenic to host
3. Effective in low concentrations
Name three considerations needed to increase efficacy of antagonistic microorganisms? -
ANS✅✅1. Use mixed cultures
2. Manipulate environment/chemical conditions
3. Combine with other hurdles.
Pet food labeling is regulated at what two levels? - ANS✅✅1. Federal
,2. State
Is there a requirement that Pet Food products have pre-market approval by the FDA? - ANS✅✅No,
there is no requirement
FDAs Food and Cosmetic Act require animal feed like human and pet food to be what three things? -
ANS✅✅1. Be pure and Wholesome
2. Produced under sanitary conditions
3. Be truthfully labeled.
What further research do you think should be done in the area of biofilms? - ANS✅✅Better
hurdles for prevention and mitigation of biofilm formation.
What are good daily practices to help prevent biofilm formation in a facility? (3) - ANS✅✅1.
Biofilm degrading enzymes
2. Sanitize all surfaces
3. Use interventions on a cycle basis
Could biofilm formation be significant in regards to other pathogens as well? - ANS✅✅Yes, many
pathogens form biofilms. Salmonella also forms a biofilm. Serotypes 1/2b and 4b especially.
Due to characteristics of bacteriophages used for biocontrol, it is expected that the following groups
are at risk if they get into contact with them:
A. Yeast and Fungi
B. Immunocompromised and healthy individuals
C. Rats, dogs, horses, and some other animals.
D. None of them - ANS✅✅D. None of them
The use of bacteriophages as an antimicrobial must be declared on the label of the product as an
additive.
Tru or False - ANS✅✅True
Name 2 desirable characteristics of bacteriophages or 2 reasons what will lead you to use them in a
food product and explain. - ANS✅✅1. Natural in the environment
, 2. They are target specific
Name 4 goals of the NARMS? - ANS✅✅1. To educate
2. Isolation
3. Research
4. Provide data to FDA
List 3 ways antimicrobials are miss used in feed animals. - ANS✅✅1. Treatment
2. Disease Prevention
3. Growth Promoters
What is the difference between Antibiotics and Antimicrobials? - ANS✅✅• Antimicrobials act
against a wide variety of organisms while antibiotics act only against bacteria.
• Antimicrobials include antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti helminthes and anti protozoa.
• Unlike in most of the antimicrobials, resistance is a problem with antibiotics.
How much more is Raw Milk likely to cause food borne illness? - ANS✅✅150 times more likely
Mention the time and temperature for the HTST pasteurization? - ANS✅✅161°F for 15 sec
Under which regulation is the interstate sale of raw milk prohibited? - ANS✅✅21 CFR 1240.61 -
Code of Federal Regulations
What are the three types of rays that were approved for food irradiation and their penetration
power? - ANS✅✅1. X-ray: 15" of penetration
2. Gamma ray: 15" of penetration
3. Electronic beam: 3.5" of penetration
What are the main factors that help achieve the desired dose? - ANS✅✅1. Duration of exposure
2. Location of product to source
What are the purposes of food irradiation? (5) - ANS✅✅1. Preserve
