MSNC 510 Quiz 1 Final Exam
Questions with All Solved Solutions
2025-2026 Updated.
What societal markers do we have for the older adults? - Answer 1- Government of Canada:
Old age security overview
2- Government of Canada: Canada Pension Plan (retirement)
Young Old age - Answer Defines adults who are between the ages of 65-74
Middle old age - Answer Adults who are between the ages of 74-84
Old-Old age - Answer Adults who are above the age of 85
Centenarians - Answer Refers to adults who are 100 years old or older
Biological theories of aging - Answer 1- Stochastic
2- Non-stochastic
stochastic theories of aging - Answer 1- wear and tear theory
2- Cross-link theory
3- Free radical theory
Wear and tear theory - Answer relates stress and trauma to changes in functioning of cells
Cross-link theory - Answer Describes a stiffening process of proteins and glucose in the
presence of oxygen, which affects cellular function
Free radical theory - Answer refers to random cellular damage from exposure to one or more
elements
Non-stochastic theories of aging - Answer 1- Programmed aging theory
,-As cells cease to replicate, signs of aging appear, and ultimately the person dies at a
predetermined age
Neuroendocrine-immunological theory - Answer -Relates to changes in cells from a reaction
with foreign molecules
Cognition and aging theories - Answer 1- Fluid Intelligence
2- Crystalized intelligence
3- Memory
Fluid Intelligence - Answer Suggests that intelligence and reasoning are biologically
predetermined
Crystalized intelligence - Answer Comprised of knowledge and abilities that the person
acquires through education and life
Physiological changes of aging - Answer 1-Integumentary system
2-Musculoskeletal system
3- Cardiovascular System
4- Respiratory system
5- Renal/Urological system
6- Endocrine system
7- Gastrointestinal System
8- Neurological System
Integumentary System changes - Answer - Decreases in color, firmness, elasticity, and texture
-Skin begins to wrinkle, sag, becomes thin and fragile
-xerosis and puritis: dry and itchy skin
-Skin tags, tears, discolouration, varicosities
Interventions for the changes in the Integumentary system - Answer Avoid excessive exposure
to ultraviolet (UV) light. In Canada, the highest sunlight UV levels occur from 1100 hours to 1600
hours, between May and August.
, • Keep well hydrated. Drink >1.5 L of water per day. Use a humidifier in the winter.
Musculoskeletal/movement changes - Answer -may begin early as 40yrs old
-loss of height and kyphosis (a curvature of the cervical vertebrae)
-Sarcopenia (decrease in muscle mass and strength)= individual becomes weaker, thinner limbs,
shorter stature, stooped appearance; bone mass density in women decreases; alterations in
weight due to decrease in lean body mass and loss of body water
Interventions for the musculoskeletal system - Answer -Regular intake of Vitamin C and D
-Engage in regular weight-bearing exercise (e.g., tai chi).
• Engage in regular flexibility and balance exercises (e.g., yoga).
• Consider preventive pharmacotherapeutics if you are a woman.
Cardiovascular/ circulation changes - Answer -A decreased responsiveness to sudden changes
due to stiffening of the vessels and a thickening of the left ventricle occur
- CO is decreased (the heart does not accommodate need for increased CO quickly); results in
abnormal response to pain, anxiety, fever, hemorrhage or infection
-Blood vessels decrease decrease their elasticity and recoil
-Decreases blood supply to organs and PR increase
-Lower extremity edema and risk for DVT's and stroke increases
Interventions for cardiovascular changes - Answer Do not smoke.
• Keep cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels normal.
• Engage in at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Eat a wide variety of foods, following Canada's Food Guide. Eat seven servings of vegetables
and fruits each day.
• Learn how to cope with stress in a healthy way.
• Avoid trans-fat, and limit saturated fats.
• Limit sodium intake.
Respiratory changes - Answer -Decreases in efficiency of gas exchange
-Annual vaccinations are a primary preventive strategy to promote healthy aging
Questions with All Solved Solutions
2025-2026 Updated.
What societal markers do we have for the older adults? - Answer 1- Government of Canada:
Old age security overview
2- Government of Canada: Canada Pension Plan (retirement)
Young Old age - Answer Defines adults who are between the ages of 65-74
Middle old age - Answer Adults who are between the ages of 74-84
Old-Old age - Answer Adults who are above the age of 85
Centenarians - Answer Refers to adults who are 100 years old or older
Biological theories of aging - Answer 1- Stochastic
2- Non-stochastic
stochastic theories of aging - Answer 1- wear and tear theory
2- Cross-link theory
3- Free radical theory
Wear and tear theory - Answer relates stress and trauma to changes in functioning of cells
Cross-link theory - Answer Describes a stiffening process of proteins and glucose in the
presence of oxygen, which affects cellular function
Free radical theory - Answer refers to random cellular damage from exposure to one or more
elements
Non-stochastic theories of aging - Answer 1- Programmed aging theory
,-As cells cease to replicate, signs of aging appear, and ultimately the person dies at a
predetermined age
Neuroendocrine-immunological theory - Answer -Relates to changes in cells from a reaction
with foreign molecules
Cognition and aging theories - Answer 1- Fluid Intelligence
2- Crystalized intelligence
3- Memory
Fluid Intelligence - Answer Suggests that intelligence and reasoning are biologically
predetermined
Crystalized intelligence - Answer Comprised of knowledge and abilities that the person
acquires through education and life
Physiological changes of aging - Answer 1-Integumentary system
2-Musculoskeletal system
3- Cardiovascular System
4- Respiratory system
5- Renal/Urological system
6- Endocrine system
7- Gastrointestinal System
8- Neurological System
Integumentary System changes - Answer - Decreases in color, firmness, elasticity, and texture
-Skin begins to wrinkle, sag, becomes thin and fragile
-xerosis and puritis: dry and itchy skin
-Skin tags, tears, discolouration, varicosities
Interventions for the changes in the Integumentary system - Answer Avoid excessive exposure
to ultraviolet (UV) light. In Canada, the highest sunlight UV levels occur from 1100 hours to 1600
hours, between May and August.
, • Keep well hydrated. Drink >1.5 L of water per day. Use a humidifier in the winter.
Musculoskeletal/movement changes - Answer -may begin early as 40yrs old
-loss of height and kyphosis (a curvature of the cervical vertebrae)
-Sarcopenia (decrease in muscle mass and strength)= individual becomes weaker, thinner limbs,
shorter stature, stooped appearance; bone mass density in women decreases; alterations in
weight due to decrease in lean body mass and loss of body water
Interventions for the musculoskeletal system - Answer -Regular intake of Vitamin C and D
-Engage in regular weight-bearing exercise (e.g., tai chi).
• Engage in regular flexibility and balance exercises (e.g., yoga).
• Consider preventive pharmacotherapeutics if you are a woman.
Cardiovascular/ circulation changes - Answer -A decreased responsiveness to sudden changes
due to stiffening of the vessels and a thickening of the left ventricle occur
- CO is decreased (the heart does not accommodate need for increased CO quickly); results in
abnormal response to pain, anxiety, fever, hemorrhage or infection
-Blood vessels decrease decrease their elasticity and recoil
-Decreases blood supply to organs and PR increase
-Lower extremity edema and risk for DVT's and stroke increases
Interventions for cardiovascular changes - Answer Do not smoke.
• Keep cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels normal.
• Engage in at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Eat a wide variety of foods, following Canada's Food Guide. Eat seven servings of vegetables
and fruits each day.
• Learn how to cope with stress in a healthy way.
• Avoid trans-fat, and limit saturated fats.
• Limit sodium intake.
Respiratory changes - Answer -Decreases in efficiency of gas exchange
-Annual vaccinations are a primary preventive strategy to promote healthy aging
